Difference between revisions of "Chthonius (Gardini, Giulio 2013)"

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(Chthonius (Gardini, Giulio 2013))
(Chthonius (Gardini, Giulio 2013))
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  | journal = Zootaxa
 
  | journal = Zootaxa
 
  | volume = 3655
 
  | volume = 3655
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  | pages = 20 -- 26
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  | pages = 26 -- 29
 
  | doi = TODO
 
  | doi = TODO
 
  | citationurl =  
 
  | citationurl =  
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  | Familia = Chthoniidae
 
  | Familia = Chthoniidae
 
  | Genus = Chthonius
 
  | Genus = Chthonius
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  | Specific name = austriacus
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  | Specific name =  
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  | Infraspecific name = boldorii
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  | Infraspecific name =  
 
  | Taxon rank = genus
 
  | Taxon rank = genus
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  | Taxon authority = Beier 1934: 56
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  | Taxon authority = Gardini, Giulio, 2013
 
  | Taxon status =  
 
  | Taxon status =  
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  | Nomenclature citation = {{Nomenclature citation| ''{{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus}}'' Gardini, Giulio, 2013, Zootaxa 3655: 20-26.}}  
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  | Nomenclature citation = {{Nomenclature citation| ''{{Taxon name|Chthonius }}'' Gardini, Giulio, 2013, Zootaxa 3655: 26-29.}}  
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  | Wikispecies page name = Chthonius_austriacus
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  | Wikispecies page name = Chthonius_
 
  | ZooBank ID =  
 
  | ZooBank ID =  
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  | Pensoft Profile = Chthonius_austriacus
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  | Pensoft Profile = Chthonius_
 
}}
 
}}
  
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{{Section|class=description|heading = Description|content={{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} (E.) {{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''austriacus''}} {{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''austriacus''}} (not Beier, 1931): Lazzeroni 1969 b: 396 (misidentification, in part).
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{{Section|class=description|heading = Description|content={{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} (E.) cfr. {{Taxon name|Chthonius cassolai|''cassolai''}}: Callaini 1983 b: 414, fig. IIc. {{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} (E.) {{Taxon name|Chthonius cassolai|''cassolai''}}: Gardini 2008 a: 5, figs 1–6.}}
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{{Taxon name|Chthonius boldorii|''Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) boldorii''}}: Mahnert 1981: 95, figs 2–3; DeVore-Scribante 1999: 17, 135, 224, 264, figs 11 a–g; Muster et al., 2004: 300, figs 2, 4, 6, 13– 18.
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{{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} (E.) {{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''austriacus''}} (not Beier, 1931): Gardini 1991: 177 (misidentification).
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C. (E.) {{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''fuscimanus''}} (not Simon, 1900): Gardini 2004: 129 (misidentification).}}
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{{Section|class=materials_examined|heading = Materials Examined|content=[[Type]] locality: [[Italy]], Lombardy, Brescia Prov., Prevalle, Il Baratro di Monte Budellone 134 Lo/BS (45 ° 33 ʹ 52 ʺN 10 ° 25 ʹ 26 ʺE).}}
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{{Section|class=materials_examined|heading = Materials Examined|content=[[Type]] locality: [[Italy]], Sardinia, Cagliari Prov., Villasalto, Grotta Rutta ‘e Scusi 602 Sa/CA (39 ° 29 ʹ 54 ʺN 9 ° 24 ʹ 20 ʺE). Distribution. Sardinia.}}
  
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{{Section|class=distribution|heading = Distribution|content=Distribution.[[Slovenia]], [[Croatia]], [[Austria]], [[Germany]], [[Switzerland]], NE [[Italy]].}}
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{{Section|class=diagnosis|heading = Diagnosis|content=Diagnosis (Ƥ). An anophthalmic (rarely microphthalmic) hypogean {{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} ({{Taxon name|Ephippiochthonius|''Ephippiochthonius''}}) from Sardinia that differs from other species of the {{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}} group in the following combination of characters: movable cheliceral finger with isolated subapical tooth (di); posterior margin of carapace with 4 subequal macrosetae, ocular series with 6 macrosetae; pedipalpal hand (in lateral view) with a rounded hump distad of trichobothria ib-isb; fixed chelal finger with 17–21 triangular teeth; proximal half of movable chelal finger with rounded teeth on thick marginal lamina; length of chela 0.89–1.12 (3), 0.84–1.37 (Ƥ) mm, length of movable chelal finger 0.54–0.68 (3), 0.50–0.78 (Ƥ); chela 5.7–5.9 (3), 5.0– 5.1 (Ƥ) times as long as deep; ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.4–1.6.}}
  
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{{Section|class=diagnosis|heading = Diagnosis|content=Diagnosis (Ƥ). An eyed epigean {{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} ({{Taxon name|Ephippiochthonius|''Ephippiochthonius''}}) from Northeastern Alps that differs from other species of the {{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}} group in the following combination of characters: movable cheliceral finger without isolated subapical tooth (di); fixed finger, at level of est-it with 3–4 teeth occupying 0.1 mm (distance between successive apices 0.032–0.035 mm); length of chela 0.63–1.03 (3), 0.69–1.22 (Ƥ) mm, length of movable chelal finger 0.35–0.56 (3), 0.37–0.62 (Ƥ) mm.}}
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{{Section|class=materials_examined|heading = Materials Examined|content=[[Type]] material examined.[[ITALY]] —Sardinia: Cagliari Prov.—1 3 “ {{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} (E.) {{Taxon name|Chthonius cassolai|''cassolai''}} n. sp.[[Typen]], M. Beier det.”, “Sardegna (Gerrei) Villasalto / Grutta ‘e Scusi [Grotta Rutta ‘e Scusi 602 Sa/CA (39 ° 29 ʹ 54 ʺN 9 ° 24 ʹ 20 ʺE), 525 m a.s.l.] loc. Pardu / 27.X. 67 Leg. F. Cassola” (NMW); 1 3 1 Ƥ “ {{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} (E.) {{Taxon name|Chthonius cassolai|''cassolai''}} n. sp.[[Paratypen]] ” (M. Beier det.), “Sardinien, Villasalto / Grotte ‘e Scusi [Grotta Rutta ‘e Scusi 602 Sa/CA, 525 m a.s.l.] 27.10. 67, Cassola” (NMW); 1 Ƥ “ {{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} (E.) {{Taxon name|Chthonius cassolai|''cassolai''}} n. sp.[[Paratypen]] ” (M. Beier det.), “Sardegna, Villasalto / Grutta ‘e Scusi (Loc. Pardu) [Grotta Rutta ‘e Scusi 602 Sa/CA, 525 m a.s.l.] / 17.XII. 1967 / Leg. F. Cassola” (NMW).
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Other material examined.[[ITALY]] —Sardinia: Cagliari Prov. – 1 Ƥ, Villasalto, Pardu, Grotta Rutta ‘e Scusi 602 Sa/CA, 525 m a.s.l., 14.III. 2010, P. Marcia & C. Onnis leg. Sardinia: Nuoro Prov.—2 Ƥ, Dorgali, Monte Coazza, 28.IV. 1992, P. Leo leg.; 1 D, Dorgali, Monte S’Ospile, Grotta di Ispinigoli 212 Sa/NU, 300 m a.s.l., 4.IV. 1993, G. Grafitti leg., on dried stalagmitic flows at entrance of Pozzo Saracco; 1 3, Nurri, Crabarida, Grotta Asutta ‘e Scraccas 5 Sa/NU, 490 m a.s.l., 9.VIII. 1998, J. De Waele & D. Deidda leg., under stone; 1 3 1 Ƥ, id., Corroga, Grotta Su Fossu ‘e Corroga 761 Sa/NU, 590 m a.s.l., 5.VIII. 1999, J. De Waele & A. Muntoni leg., on mud.}}
  
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{{Section|class=materials_examined|heading = Materials Examined|content=Material examined.[[SLOVENIA]] —1 Ƥ, Ravne na Koroškem, cave Jama pri Votli peči n. 3263, 10.VII. 1977, Kuštor & T. Novak leg.
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{{Section|class=description|heading = Description|content=Description of adults (Ƥ). Facies weakly troglomorphic, integument depigmented or with weak pigmentation, carapace, tergites, chelicerae and pedipalps pale testaceous; lateral surfaces of carapace and cheliceral palm with marked hispid granulation. Carapace 1.0– 1.1 times longer than broad, posteriorly constricted; anterior margin (figs 36–37) strongly dentate between median macrosetae, weakly rounded and prominent (3) or with epistome (Ƥ); ocular area as in fig. 37, no eyes, or anterior ones reduced to a smooth cuticular area; chaetotaxy m 4m: 6: 4: 2: 4 (20), rarely 2 preocular microsetae, macrosetae fine, length of anteromedian macrosetae 0.115–0.12 mm; posterolateral macrosetae shorter than the posteromedian ones. Chaetotaxy of tergites I–X 4: 4: 4: 4: 6: 6: 6: 6: 6: 4. Chaetotaxy of sternites II–X 10:(3) 8 (3):(2) 7 (2): 8: 6: 6: 6: 6: 7; sternite II rarely with 9 setae, st. IV rarely with (2) 8 (2) setae; genital opening of males flanked by 6–8 setae on each side; genital opening with straight, slightly opened sides. Chelicerae (figs 38–39) 2.15–2.3 times as long as broad, palm with 6 setae and 1 lateral microseta; fixed finger with 8–11 teeth proximally reduced in size and 7–10 proximal microtubercles; movable finger with an isolated subapical tooth a little proximad of the spinneret, 6–8 teeth proximally reduced in size and 4–5 proximal microtubercles; gl ratio 0.59–0.66; spinneret weakly raised in males, prominent and apically rounded in females; rallum with 11 blades. Coxal setae: pedipalp 5 (including 2 on manducatory process), I 3 + 3 marginal microsetae, II 4, III 5, IV 6; coxa II with 6–13 coxal spines, coxa III with 4–6 coxal spines; intercoxal tubercle bisetose. Pedipalp (figs 40–41): femur 6.0– 7.3 (3), 5.7–6.4 (Ƥ) times as long as broad, with moderate hispid granulation basally; chela 5.7–5.9 (3), 5.0– 5.1 (Ƥ) times as long as deep; hand of chela 2.15–2.3 (3), 2.0– 2.1 (Ƥ) times as long as deep, with an evident rounded hump distad of ib-isb and a weak hollow—with thicker cuticle—just before the base of the movable finger; fixed chelal finger with 17–21 triangular teeth: the 1–3 distal teeth small, the following ones—with dental canals—larger, faintly reclined, gradually reduced proximally back to level of sb; base of fixed finger with 8–12 tubercles; tip of fixed finger with a modified accessory tooth (td) on antiaxial face; fixed chelal finger at level of est-it with 4–5 teeth occupying 0.1 mm (distance between successive apices 0.023–0.028 mm); distal half of movable chelal finger with 9–11 upright, triangular teeth, with dental canals; proximal half of movable finger with 9–15 rounded teeth without (?) dental canals, on high marginal lamina at level of sb; base of movable finger between b-sb with 8–10 microtubercles; coupled sensilla pc distad of sb; trichobothria as in figs 40–41, ist very distad of the line eb-esb; apodeme of movable finger sclerotized, mostly curved and apically truncate; ratio of movable finger/hand of chela 1.5–1.6 (3), 1.4–1.5 (Ƥ); ratio of pedipalpal femur/movable finger 1.15–1.2 (3 Ƥ); ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.4–1.6 (3 Ƥ).
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[[SWITZERLAND]] —Grisons—1 Ƥ 1 T 1 D, Poschiavo, San Carlo, 1100 m a.s.l., 4.VIII. 1981, C. Torti leg., {{Taxon name|Fagus sylvatica|''Fagus sylvatica''}} wood; 3 3 1 Ƥ, near Poschiavo, 1100 m a.s.l., 20.VII. 1980, C. Torti leg., mixed wood. Tessin—4 3 1 Ƥ 7 T 3 D, Curio, Pura, 2.X. 1985, G. Cotti leg., {{Taxon name|Fagus sylvatica|''Fagus sylvatica''}} wood; 2 3 1 Ƥ 3 T 3 D, Val Ruina, 26.VII. 1985, G.
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Measurements (in mm). Body length 1.5–2.2 (3 Ƥ). Carapace 0.47–0.50 × 045– 0.48 (0.43–0.45 anteriorly) (3), 0.44–0.57 × 0.45–0.57 (0.43–0.54 anteriorly) (Ƥ). Chelicerae 0.41–0.45 × 0.185–0.20 (3), 0.39–0.55 × 0.18– 0.25 (Ƥ), movable finger length 0.21–0.23 (3), 0.20–0.28 (Ƥ). Pedipalp: femur 0.66–0.80 × 0.11–0.12 (3), 0.60– 0.90 × 0.105–0.14 (Ƥ); chela 0.89–1.12 × 0.15–0.195 (3), 0.84–1.37 × 0.17–0.27 (Ƥ); hand length 0.35–0.42 (3), 0.34–0.55 (Ƥ); movable finger length 0.54–0.68 (3), 0.50–0.78 (Ƥ).}}
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Cotti leg., {{Taxon name|Ostrya carpinifolia|''Ostrya carpinifolia''}} wood; 1 Ƥ, Gole below Beredino, 11.VI. 1986, G. Cotti leg.; 1 3 1 Ƥ, Gole della Breggia, 19.X. 1985, leg.?; 4 Ƥ 1 T 1 D, id., 5.XI. 1985, A. Fossati leg., cestnut wood and along the river; 7 3 12 Ƥ 4 T, Monte Generoso, Cribbietta, 350 m a.s.l., 6.V. 1987, leg.?, {{Taxon name|Ulmus|''Ulmus''}}; 3 3 2 Ƥ, id., Val Corta, 860 m a.s.l., 6.V. 1987, leg.?, {{Taxon name|Corylus|''Corylus''}}, {{Taxon name|Acer|''Acer''}} and {{Taxon name|Tilia|''Tilia''}}; 1 Ƥ, id., Grumo, 700 m a.s.l., 7.VII. 1987, leg.?, mixed wood; 3 3 4 Ƥ 1 T, id., Castellaccio, Val Molino, 420 m a.s.l., 14.V. 1987, leg.?, mixed elm wood; 1 3, id., Bosco del Trave, 980 m a.s.l., 6.VII. 1987, leg.?, mixed wood; 3 3 1 T, Madonna di Valmara, 860 m a.s.l., 5.V. 1987, leg.?, {{Taxon name|Fagus|''Fagus''}}.
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{{Section|class=discussion|heading = Discussion|content=Remarks. Among the species of the {{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}} group, {{Taxon name|Chthonius cassolai|''C. cassolai''}} is closely related to the epigean {{Taxon name|Chthonius berninii|''C. berninii''}} from Sardinia because of the number of macrosetae on the posterior margin of carapace, the shape of chelal hand and the marginal lamina; it differs from {{Taxon name|Chthonius berninii|''C. berninii''}} by the absence (or reduction) of eyes (four eyes in {{Taxon name|Chthonius berninii|''C. berninii''}}), by the arrangement of setae along the genital opening of males (genital opening flanked by 5–8 partly scattered setae on each side in {{Taxon name|Chthonius berninii|''C. berninii''}}) and by the troglomorphic facies, with greater size and more elongate appendages (length of chela 0.89–1.12 (3) 0.84–1.37 (Ƥ) mm, chela 5.7–5.9 (3) 5.0– 5.1 (Ƥ) times as long as deep, ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.4–1.6 in {{Taxon name|Chthonius cassolai|''C. cassolai''}}; length of chela 0.45–0.57 (3) 0.51–0.66 (Ƥ), chela 4.0– 5.3 (3) 3.6–4.6 (Ƥ) times as long as deep, ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.0– 1.2 in {{Taxon name|Chthonius berninii|''C. berninii''}}). For comparisons between {{Taxon name|Chthonius cassolai|''C. cassolai''}} and the epigean {{Taxon name|Chthonius parmensis|''C. parmensis''}}, see Remarks under the latter species.
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ITALY— Friuli: Udine Prov.—3 3 1 Ƥ 1 T, Cervignano, Bosco Pradiziolo, 9.I. 1982, M. Seriani leg., mixed oak wood; 1 3 5 Ƥ, id., 16.I. 1983, oak wood (together with 4 3 2 Ƥ of {{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}}); 1 3 1 Ƥ, id., 4.III. 1983 (together with 4 3 5 Ƥ 1 T of {{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}}); 1 3, Cormons, Colle di Medea, Grotta II di Borgnano n.c., 11.V. 2002, F. Stoch & G. Tomasin leg.; 2 3 5 Ƥ, Losaz, south slope of Monte Matajur, 13.VI. 1993, S. Zoia leg.; 4 3 1 Ƥ, Lusevera, near Casere Tanatcason, 740 m a.s.l., 6.VII– 4.IX. 2006, G. Colombetta & L. Dorigo leg., scree slope (MFNB); 2 3, id., 6.VIII– 4.IX. 2006, G. Colombetta leg., pitfall traps in stable scree slope (together with a Ƥ of {{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}}); 1 Ƥ, id., 7.XI. 2006 – 15.V. 2007, G. Colombetta & L. Dorigo leg., stable scree slope (MFNB); 4 3 1 Ƥ 1 T, id., 15.V– 21.VI. 2007, L. Dorigo leg., pitfall traps in stable scree slope; 1 3, id., 12.VII– 29.VIII. 2007, stable scree slope (MFNB); 1 Ƥ, id., 4.IX– 5.X. 2007, G. Colombetta leg., stable scree slope (MFNB); 1 Ƥ, id., 21.VI– 12.VII. 2007, stable scree slope (MFNB); 2 3 1 Ƥ, Moggio Udinese, Stavoli Tugliezzo, Rio Lavarie, 470 m a.s.l., 26.IX– 30.X. 2001, G. Governatori & A. Dall’Asta leg., {{Taxon name|Fagus sylvatica|''Fagus sylvatica''}} wood (together with 6 3 7 Ƥ 10 T 22 D of C.
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The species is known from subterranean habitats of central and southeastern Sardinia (fig. 286): comparisons between populations of isolated karstic systems are made in Gardini (2008).}}
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{{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''fuscimanus''}}) (MFNB); 1 3 1 Ƥ, north of Savogna, 250 m a.s.l., 26.VI. 1994, S. Zoia leg., {{Taxon name|Fagus sylvatica|''Fagus sylvatica''}} wood; 1 3 2 Ƥ, Trasaghis, 250 m a.s.l., 5.V. 1992, F. Gasparo leg. (together with a 3 of {{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}}); 1 3 2 Ƥ, Venzone, Pioverno, 250 m a.s.l., 11.II– 14.VII. 1992, F. Gasparo leg., pitfall traps in {{Taxon name|Ostrya carpinifolia|''Ostrya carpinifolia''}} wood (together with 14 3 15 Ƥ 2 T of {{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}}). Veneto: Verona Prov.—1 3 1 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, G. Lazzeroni det.), Albisano, 4.VI. 1968, G. Lazzeroni, R. Gioco & A. Montolli leg. (MSNV); 1 Ƥ, Badia Calavena, near Grotta Damati, 11.VII. 2002, D. Avesani & L. Latella leg.; 1 Ƥ, id., 20.VII. 2002, D. Avesani & M. Rampini leg.; 2 3 4 Ƥ, id., 31.VII. 2002, D. Avesani leg.; 1 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, G. Lazzeroni det.), Boscochiesanuova, Vajo dell’Anguilla, 2.V. 1968, G. Lazzeroni, G. Osella & A. Montolli leg. (MSNV); 3 3 2 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, G. Lazzeroni det.), Cerro Veronese, Vajo di Squaranto, 9.V. 1968, G. Lazzeroni leg. (MSNV); 1 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, G. Lazzeroni det.), id., Vajo di Squaranto near Cerro, 11.VII. 1968, G. Lazzeroni leg. (MSNV); 1 3 2 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, G. Lazzeroni det.), Colognola ai Colli, 30.XI. 1967, G. Lazzeroni & G. Osella leg. (MSNV); 1 Ƥ, Marano di Valpolicella, west of Marezzane, 550 m a.s.l., 5.XI– 22.XII. 2006, A. & M. Zanetti leg., mixed wood; 1 Ƥ, id., 25.IV– 3.VI. 2007; 1 3 ({{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}}, G. Gardini det.), Monte Baldo, near Pra Alpesina, 1300 m a.s.l. ca, 31.V. 1987, C. Torti leg.; 1 Ƥ, id., Eremo SS. Benigno e Caro, 800 m a.s.l., 2.III. 1997, A. Tagliapietra & A. Zanetti leg.; 1 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}}, G. Gardini det. 2000), Dolcè, Monte Pastello, 21.V. 1999, C. Manfrin leg. (MSNV); 1 T ({{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}}, G. Gardini det. 2000), id., 22.VI. 1999 (MSNV); 2 3 ({{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}}, G. Gardini det. 2000), id., 22.VII. 1999 (MSNV); 1 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}}, G. Gardini det. 2000), id., 20.VIII. 1999 (MSNV); 1 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, G. Lazzeroni det.), Erbezzo, VI. 1968, G. Lazzeroni leg. (MSNV); 2 Ƥ, id., Ponte dell’Anguillara, valletta delle Rane, 1050 m a.s.l., 3.X. 2010, D. Bianco & E. Piva leg. (EPV); 1 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}}, G. Gardini det. 2000), Fumane, Molane, Monte Pastello, 22.VI. 1999, C. Manfrin leg. (MSNV); 1 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}}, G. Gardini det. 2000), id., 22.VII. 1999 (MSNV); 1 3 1 Ƥ 1 T ({{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}}, G. Gardini det. 2000), id., 20.VIII. 1999 (MSNV); 1 Ƥ 1 T ({{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}}, G. Gardini det. 2000), id., 1.X. 1999 (MSNV); 2 3, Garda, Sengie, 23.II. 1983, M. Rizzotti Vlach leg. (MSNV); 9 3 1 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, G. Lazzeroni det.), between Giazza and Revolto, 10.VII. 1968, G. Lazzeroni & A. Montolli leg. (MSNV); 1 3 ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, G. Lazzeroni det.), summit of Monte Pastello, 1127 m a.s.l., 28.V. 1968, G. Lazzeroni, R. Gioco & A. Montolli leg. (MSNV); 2 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}}, G. Gardini det. 2000), id., 1120 m a.s.l., 24.IX. 1999, A. Zanetti leg., under {{Taxon name|Fagus|''Fagus''}}; 1 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, G. Lazzeroni det.), Montecchio, 2.V. 1968, G. Lazzeroni & G. Osella leg. (MSNV); 3 3 4 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, G. Lazzeroni det.), id., 29.IX. 1968, G. Osella leg. (MSNV); 1 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, G. Lazzeroni det.), between Montecchio and Grezzana, Case Vecie, 6.XII. 1967, G. Lazzeroni leg. (MSNV); 1 3 1 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, M. Beier det.), between Montorio and Castagnè, hills, 19.III. 1969, A. Zanetti leg. (MSNV); 1 3 2 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, G. Lazzeroni det.), Musella, 26.IV. 1968, G. Lazzeroni leg. (MSNV); 1 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, M. Beier det.), Prun, 15.IX. 1969, A. Zanetti leg. (MSNV); 1 Ƥ, between Rivoli and Caprino, Morena, 22.III. 1975, G. Osella & Laudanna leg. (MSNV); 3 3 1 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, G. Lazzeroni det.), Sega di Ala, 20.VI. 1968, G. Lazzeroni leg. (MSNV); 1 T (C. (E.) sp., G. Lazzeroni det.), id., 20.VI. 1968 (MSNV); 4 3 2 Ƥ, Trezzolano, 15.I. 1977, Guglielmi leg. (MSNV); 1 3 1 Ƥ, id., II. 1978, Guglielmi leg. (MSNV); 1 3 2 Ƥ 1 T ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, G. Lazzeroni det.), Verona, Vajo del Paradiso, 27.III. 1968, G. Lazzeroni leg. (MSNV); 2 3 2 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, G. Lazzeroni det.), id., north slope of Vajo del Paradiso, 27.III. 1968, G. Osella leg. (MSNV); 2 3 4 Ƥ 2 T, id., Vajo del Paradiso, 27.II. 1973, leg.?. Veneto: Vicenza Prov. — 1 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, G. Gardini det. 1986), Cornedo Vicentino, Grotta del Covoletto 39 V /VI, 28.V. 1982, E. Piva & I. Ferrari leg. (MSNV); 1 3 ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, G. Gardini det. 1986), Longare, Covolo del Tesoro 166 V/VI, 1.X. 1985, S. Zoia & R. Sciaky leg.; 1 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, M. Beier det.), Pederiva, 18.III. 1972, A. Zanetti leg. (MSNV); 1 3, Sossano, Madonna della Croce, 13.III. 1997, A. Zanetti leg., mixed wood. Trentino: Trento Prov.—1 3, Ala, Val Ronchi, 900 m a.s.l., 5.X. 1989, S. Zoia leg., {{Taxon name|Fagus sylvatica|''Fagus sylvatica''}} wood; 2 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, M. Beier det.), near Riva del Garda, Monte San Pietro, 900 m a.s.l., 12.X. 1969, A. Zanetti leg. (MSNV); 2 3 2 Ƥ, Val di Genova, 1000 m a.s.l., 10.VIII. 1976, G. Raffone leg., sieved under beech. Lombardy: Bergamo Prov.—1 Ƥ 4 T 2 D, Brembilla, Catremerio, 1000 m a.s.l., 2.XI. 1991, G. Gardini leg., {{Taxon name|Fagus sylvatica|''Fagus sylvatica''}} wood; 1 3, Endine Gaiano, Perlisa, 550 m a.s.l., 19.VI– 8.VIII. 1996, P. Pantini & M. Valle leg., scree (MBCG); 4 3 6 Ƥ 5 T, Fonteno, 7.V. 1978, G. Parodi & S. Zoia leg.; 1 3, Gandellino, [no date], 800 m a.s.l., A. Focarile leg., {{Taxon name|Acer|''Acer''}} and {{Taxon name|Corylus|''Corylus''}}; 2 Ƥ, Mezzoldo, south of Mezzoldo, 770 m a.s.l., 26.IX. 1996, S. Zoia leg.; 1 3, Monasterolo, Val Torrezzo Fonta, 600 m a.s.l., 6.VII.1995, 3.VIII. 1995, P. Pantini & M. Valle leg. (MBCG); 3 Ƥ, id., 20.IX– 26.X. 1995 (MBCG); 2 Ƥ, id., 2.IV– 9.V. 1996 (MBCG); 1 3 2 Ƥ, id., 9.V– 19.VI. 1996 (MBCG); 1 3 5 Ƥ 1 T, id., 19.VI– 8.VIII. 1996 (MBCG); 1 3 3 Ƥ 2 T 1 D, id., 8.VIII– 10.X. 1996 (MBCG); 1 Ƥ, Orezzo, Gazzaniga, Val Dé, 9.III. 2000, R. Monguzzi leg. (RMM); 1 3 2 Ƥ 2 T, Parzanica, Valle dei Foppi, 550 m a.s.l., 19.VI– 8.VIII. 1996, P. Pantini & M. Valle leg. (MBCG); 10 3 8 Ƥ 8 T 4 D, north of Piazzolo, 700 m a.s.l., 26.IX. 1996, S. Zoia leg.; 2 Ƥ, Sovere, Monte Sovere, 1250 m a.s.l., 20.IX– 15.XI. 1995, P. Pantini & M. Valle leg., prairie (MBCG); 1 Ƥ, id., 19.VI– 8.VIII. 1996 (MBCG); 1 Ƥ, id., 8.VIII– 10.X. 1996 (MBCG); 1 Ƥ 1 T, id., Valle Sandina, 500 m a.s.l., 20.IX– 26.X. 1995, P. Pantini & M. Valle leg. (MBCG); 1 3, id., 27.X. 1995 – 20.II. 1996 (MBCG); 1 3 1 Ƥ, id., 2.IV– 9.V. 1996 (MBCG); 2 3 5 Ƥ 2 T, id., 9.V– 19.VI. 1996 (MBCG); 2 3 5 Ƥ 1 D, id., 19.VI– 8.VIII. 1996 (MBCG); 2 3, id., 8.VIII– 10.X. 1996 (MBCG); 1 3 2 Ƥ, Vigolo, Ronchi della Bratta, 800m a.s.l., 2.IV– 9.V. 1996, P. Pantini & M. Valle leg., [[Norway]] spruce woods (MBCG); 1 3 1 Ƥ, id., 11.VIII– 19.IX. 1995 (MBCG); 2 3 1 Ƥ, id., 9.V– 19.VI. 1996 (MBCG); 1 Ƥ, id., 8.VIII– 10.X. 1996 (MBCG); 4 Ƥ, Taleggio, I Serrati, 500 m a.s.l., VIII. 1991, Bacchetta leg. Lombardy: Brescia Prov.—5 3 4 Ƥ 2 T 1 D, near Bovegno, 900 m a.s.l., 17.X. 1982, C. Giusto, C. Torti & S. Zoia leg., {{Taxon name|Fagus sylvatica|''Fagus sylvatica''}} wood; 1 3, Desenzano del Garda, Laghi Sovenigo, 2.XI. 1997, A. Tagliapietra & A. Zanetti leg., marsh; 14 3 13 Ƥ 8 T 6 D ({{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}}, G. Gardini det.), near Incudine, upper Val Camonica, 5.IX. 1993, S. Zoia leg., sieved under {{Taxon name|Corylus|''Corylus''}}; 1 Ƥ, Lumezzane, Val Porcino, 24.X. 1987, M. Grottolo leg.; 1 3 2 Ƥ, near Polaveno, 9.VII. 1979, S. Zoia leg.; 1 Ƥ, Tremosine, 2.II. 1997, A. Zanetti leg.; 2 T 3 D, Vobarno, Nalmase, 30.VI. 1991, M. Bodon leg. Lombardy: Como Prov.—1 3 2 Ƥ, Cernobbio, Monte Bisbino, 1300 m a.s.l., 19.III. 2000, R. Monguzzi leg.; 1 3 5 T, Dasio, south slope of Cima della Noga, 1100 m a.s.l., 15.X. 1994, S. Zoia leg., hazel-wood; 1 Ƥ, Varenna, 4.VII. 1978, S. Vit leg., gravier/racines (MHNG). Lombardy: Lecco Prov.—3 3 10 Ƥ 9 T 2 D, southwestern near Ballabio, 550 m a.s.l., 29.I. 1994, S. Zoia leg.; 1 3 2 Ƥ 1 T, Lecco, Monte Barro, 800 m a.s.l., 24.XI. 1990, S. Zoia leg.; 1 Ƥ, id., Grigna meridionale, Piani Resinelli, Miniera del Coltignone, 1200 m a.s.l., 4.IV. 1996, R. Monguzzi leg. (RMM); 1 Ƥ, id., southwestern slope of Grigna settentrionale, 1100 m a.s.l. ca, 19.IV. 1997, S. Zoia leg., basis of {{Taxon name|Fagus|''Fagus''}} and {{Taxon name|Quercus ilex|''Ilex''}}; 2 3, Paderno d’Adda, cañon Fiume Adda, 200 m a.s.l., 1.V. 2010, S. Zoia leg.; 1 Ƥ, north of Valmadrera, 500 m a.s.l., 6.II. 2011, S. Zoia leg. Lombardy: Mantova Prov.—1 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, G. Lazzeroni det.), Solferino, 31.III. 1968, G. Osella leg. (MSNV). Lombardy: Varese Prov.—2 3 2 Ƥ, Campo dei Fiori, 1100 m a.s.l., 1.XI. 1983, S. Zoia & R. Sciaky leg., {{Taxon name|Fagus sylvatica|''Fagus sylvatica''}} wood on limestone.}}
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{{Section|class=description|heading = Description|content=Description of adults (Ƥ). Integument pigmented, carapace, tergites, chelicerae and pedipalps brown; pedipalpal hand mostly of the same colour of fingers, sometimes darker; lateral surface of carapace and cheliceral palm with strong hispid granulation. Carapace 0.9 –1.0 times longer than broad, subquadrate; anterior margin (figs 28–29) dentate between median macrosetae, sometimes weakly prominent but without epistome; ocular area as in fig. 30; four well-developed eyes, the anterior ones with convex lens (diameter 0.034–0.054 mm) and tapetum, posterior eyes with more or less flat lens with tapetum, or reduced to ocular spot without tapetum; distance from anterior eyes to anterior margin of carapace 0.034–0.054 mm; chaetotaxy mm 4mm: 6: 4: 2: 2 (18), rarely 1 preocular microseta, macrosetae thick; length of anteromedian macrosetae 0.08–0.13 mm. Chaetotaxy of tergites I–X 4: 4: 4: 4: 6: 6: 6: 6: 6: 4. Chaetotaxy of sternites II–X 9:(3) 10 (3):(2) 8 (2): 8: 6: 6: 6: 6: 7; sternite II rarely with 7–8 setae, st. III with (3) 11 (3) setae, st. IV–V with (2) 7 (2): 9 setae; genital opening of males mostly flanked by 7 (rarely 5, 6 or 8) setae on each side. Chelicerae (figs 31–32) 2.0– 2.2 times as long as broad, palm with 6 setae and 2 microsetae laterally; fixed finger with 6–8 subequal teeth and 5–9 proximal microtubercles; movable finger with 4–6 teeth proximally reduced in size and 4–5 proximal tubercles; movable finger without isolated subapical tooth (di); gl ratio 0.55–0.62; spinneret large and prominent, apically rounded, slightly smaller in males; rallum with 11 blades; serrulae interior and exterior respectively with 12 and 14 blades. Coxal setae: pedipalp 5 (including 2 on manducatory process), I 3 + 3 marginal microsetae, II 4, III 5, IV 6; coxa II with 7–11 (rarely 16–19) coxal spines, coxa III with 3–6 coxal spines; intercoxal tubercle bisetose. Pedipalp (figs 33–35): femur 5.6–7.1 (3), 5.5–7.3 (Ƥ) times as long as broad, basally with hispid granulation; chela 5.3–6.4 (3), 4.3–5.1 (Ƥ) times as long as deep; hand of chela 2.2–2.7 (3), 2.0– 2.3 (Ƥ) times as long as deep, weakly depressed at level of ib-isb, without hump distad of ib-isb; fixed chelal finger mostly with 11–12 (rarely 10 or 16) large triangular teeth, with dental canals, slightly reclined, the first two proximal teeth mostly brought close together and prominent, the first one mostly apically rounded; base of fixed finger with a variable number of microtubercles; tip of fixed finger with a modified accessory tooth (td) on antiaxial face; fixed chelal finger at level of est-it with 3–4 teeth occupying 0.1 mm (distance between successive apices 0.032–0.035 mm); distal half of movable finger with 6 (rarely 5 or 7) upright, large, triangular teeth with dental canals; first proximal tooth of movable finger distad of the half of the finger (ratio 0.51–0.66); proximal half of movable finger with straight, thick marginal lamina; coupled sensilla pc mostly between b and sb; trichobothria as in figs 34–35, eb-esb-ist placed mostly in a straight line, or with ist a little distad of the line eb-esb; basal apodeme of movable finger strongly sclerotized, bent and apically truncated and crenellated; ratio of movable finger/hand of chela 1.2–1.5 (3), 1.1–1.3 (Ƥ); ratio of pedipalpal femur/movable finger 1.3 (3), 1.4 (Ƥ); ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.3–1.6 (3 Ƥ).
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Measurements (in mm). Body length 1.2–1.9 (3), 1.3–2.2 (Ƥ). Carapace 0.35–0.49 × 0.34–0.47 (0.29–0.45 anteriorly) (3), 0.37–0.58 × 0.37–0.58 (0.33–0.55 anteriorly) (Ƥ). Chelicerae 0.285–0.40 × 0.13–0.19 (3), 0.31– 0.50 × 0.155–0.24 (Ƥ), movable finger length 0.14–0.20 (3), 0.17–0.25 (Ƥ). Pedipalp: femur 0.45–0.77 × 0.08– 0.115 (3), 0.50–0.89 × 0.09–0.14 (Ƥ); chela 0.63–1.03 × 0.115–0.16 (3), 0.69–1.22 × 0.15–0.26 (Ƥ); hand length 0.285–0.435 (3), 0.325–0.55 (Ƥ); movable finger length 0.35–0.56 (3), 0.37–0.62 (Ƥ).
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Description of tritonymph. Integument with weak pigmentation, granulation less hispid than adults. Carapace 1.0 times longer than broad, without epistome; four developed eyes as in adults; chaetotaxy m 4m: 6: 4: 2: 2 (18), length of anteromedian macrosetae 0.06–0.075 mm. Chaetotaxy of tergites as in adults. Chaetotaxy of sternites II– X 5:(2) 8 (2):(1) 6–7 (1): 7: 6: 6: 6: 6: 7. Chelicerae 2.0– 2.1 times as long as broad, palm with 5 setae and 1 or 2 lateral microsetae; fixed finger with 6 teeth, movable finger with 3–4 teeth, without isolated subapical tooth (di); gl ratio 0.57–0.58. Coxal setae: pedipalp 5 (including 2 on manducatory process), I 3 + 2 marginal microsetae, II 4, III 5, IV 5; coxa II with 6–11 coxal spines, coxa III with 3–4 coxal spines; intercoxal tubercle bisetose. Pedipalp: femur 4.4–5.4 times as long as broad; chela 4.8–5.4 times as long as deep; hand of chela 2.2–2.4 times as long as deep; fixed finger with 10 teeth similar to those of adult; tip of fixed finger with a modified accessory tooth (td) on antiaxial face; distal half of movable finger with 6–7 teeth; proximal half of movable finger with straight, thick marginal lamina; coupled sensilla pc distad of b; ratio of movable finger/hand of chela 1.2; ratio of pedipalpal femur/movable finger 1.2–1.3; ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.0– 1.2.
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Measurements (in mm). Body length 0.86–1.20. Carapace 0.30–0.38 × 0.30–0.37 (0.26–0.33 anteriorly). Chelicerae 0.23–0.285 × 0.11–0.14, movable finger length 0.115–0.14. Pedipalp: femur 0.31–0.455 × 0.07–0.09; chela 0.48–0.64 × 0.10–0.13; hand length 0.22–0.29; movable finger length 0.26–0.35.}}
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{{Section|class=discussion|heading = Discussion|content=Remarks. Among the species of the {{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''Chthonius fuscimanus''}} group, {{Taxon name|Chthonius boldorii|''C. boldorii''}} is related to the epigean {{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}}, from which it chiefly differs by the absence of an isolated subapical tooth (di) on the movable cheliceral finger. Muster et al. (2004) thoroughly discuss taxonomic, biogeographical and evolutionary features of {{Taxon name|Chthonius boldorii|''C. boldorii''}} and {{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}}, concluding that the sole objective meristic character to distinguish them is the respectively absence or presence of di and that their distributions are largely allopatric in central Europe, with a more complicated situation in the southern margins of the Alps.
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Italian populations of {{Taxon name|Chthonius boldorii|''C. boldorii''}} show morphological features according to those described by Mahnert (1981), DeVore-Scribante (1999) and Muster et al. (2004), and dimensional ranges overlap the measurements and ratios reported by the previous authors. I also attribute to {{Taxon name|Chthonius boldorii|''C. boldorii''}} the disjunct eastern populations of Friuli (fig. 290), although they are smaller in comparison with specimens from Veneto and Lombardy: length of pedipalpal femur 0.41–0.45 (3) 0.43–0.50 (Ƥ) mm, length of chela 0.57–0.63 (3) 0.62–0.69 (Ƥ) mm; their features and dimensions are very similar to those of {{Taxon name|Chthonius nanus|''C. nanus''}} and the sole objective character to distinguish them from this species is the absence of the isolated subapical tooth (di) on the cheliceral movable finger (present in {{Taxon name|Chthonius nanus|''C. nanus''}}).
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{{Taxon name|Chthonius boldorii|''C. boldorii''}} is distributed in [[Italy]] with continuity from Lugano pre-Alps westward to Dolomites and Venetian pre-Alps eastward, than in Carnic and Julian Alps and pre-Alps (fig. 284). Five syntopic occurrences of {{Taxon name|Chthonius boldorii|''C. boldorii''}} and {{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}} were detected in Friuli (Cervignano: Bosco Pradiziolo; Lusevera: Casere Tanatcason; Moggio Udinese: Rio Lavarie; Trasaghis; Venzone: Pioverno).
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Many Italian records of {{Taxon name|Chthonius boldorii|''C. boldorii''}} reported by Gardini (2000) have yet to be verified. The species is newly recorded for [[Slovenia]].}}
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==Taxon Treatment==
 
==Taxon Treatment==
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*{{aut|Gardini, Giulio}}; 2013: A revision of the species of the pseudoscorpion subgenus Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from Italy and neighbouring areas, Zootaxa '''3655''': 20-26. {{doi|TODO}}
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*{{aut|Gardini, Giulio}}; 2013: A revision of the species of the pseudoscorpion subgenus Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from Italy and neighbouring areas, Zootaxa '''3655''': 26-29. {{doi|TODO}}
  
 
[[Category:Work Pending at Plazi]]
 
[[Category:Work Pending at Plazi]]
  
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{{Provided by Plazi | id = 03DE87C1FFF8F97A6B99FB4119C0A67F}}
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{{Provided by Plazi | id = 03DE87C1FFF2F97F6B99F9D01BBAA26F}}

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Gardini, Giulio (2013) A revision of the species of the pseudoscorpion subgenus Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from Italy and neighbouring areas. Zootaxa 3655 : 26 – 29, doi. Versioned wiki page: 2017-06-13, version 143955, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Chthonius_(Gardini,_Giulio_2013)&oldid=143955 , contributors (alphabetical order): PlaziBot.

Citation formats to copy and paste

BibTeX:

@article{Gardini2013Zootaxa3655,
author = {Gardini, Giulio},
journal = {Zootaxa},
title = {A revision of the species of the pseudoscorpion subgenus Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from Italy and neighbouring areas},
year = {2013},
volume = {3655},
issue = {},
pages = {26 -- 29},
doi = {TODO},
url = {},
note = {Versioned wiki page: 2017-06-13, version 143955, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Chthonius_(Gardini,_Giulio_2013)&oldid=143955 , contributors (alphabetical order): PlaziBot.}

}

RIS/ Endnote:

TY - JOUR
T1 - A revision of the species of the pseudoscorpion subgenus Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from Italy and neighbouring areas
A1 - Gardini, Giulio
Y1 - 2013
JF - Zootaxa
JA -
VL - 3655
IS -
UR - http://dx.doi.org/TODO
SP - 26
EP - 29
PB -
M1 - Versioned wiki page: 2017-06-13, version 143955, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Chthonius_(Gardini,_Giulio_2013)&oldid=143955 , contributors (alphabetical order): PlaziBot.

M3 - doi:TODO

Wikipedia/ Citizendium:

<ref name="Gardini2013Zootaxa3655">{{Citation
| author = Gardini, Giulio
| title = A revision of the species of the pseudoscorpion subgenus Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from Italy and neighbouring areas
| journal = Zootaxa
| year = 2013
| volume = 3655
| issue =
| pages = 26 -- 29
| pmid =
| publisher =
| doi = TODO
| url =
| pmc =
| accessdate = 2024-12-12

}} Versioned wiki page: 2017-06-13, version 143955, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Chthonius_(Gardini,_Giulio_2013)&oldid=143955 , contributors (alphabetical order): PlaziBot.</ref>


Taxonavigation

Ordo: Pseudoscorpiones
Familia: Chthoniidae

Name

Chthonius Gardini, Giulio, 2013 – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile

  • Chthonius Gardini, Giulio, 2013, Zootaxa 3655: 26-29.

Description

Chthonius (E.) cfr. cassolai: Callaini 1983 b: 414, fig. IIc. Chthonius (E.) cassolai: Gardini 2008 a: 5, figs 1–6.

Materials Examined

Type locality: Italy, Sardinia, Cagliari Prov., Villasalto, Grotta Rutta ‘e Scusi 602 Sa/CA (39 ° 29 ʹ 54 ʺN 9 ° 24 ʹ 20 ʺE). Distribution. Sardinia.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis (Ƥ). An anophthalmic (rarely microphthalmic) hypogean Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) from Sardinia that differs from other species of the C. fuscimanus group in the following combination of characters: movable cheliceral finger with isolated subapical tooth (di); posterior margin of carapace with 4 subequal macrosetae, ocular series with 6 macrosetae; pedipalpal hand (in lateral view) with a rounded hump distad of trichobothria ib-isb; fixed chelal finger with 17–21 triangular teeth; proximal half of movable chelal finger with rounded teeth on thick marginal lamina; length of chela 0.89–1.12 (3), 0.84–1.37 (Ƥ) mm, length of movable chelal finger 0.54–0.68 (3), 0.50–0.78 (Ƥ); chela 5.7–5.9 (3), 5.0– 5.1 (Ƥ) times as long as deep; ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.4–1.6.

Materials Examined

Type material examined.ITALY —Sardinia: Cagliari Prov.—1 3 “ Chthonius (E.) cassolai n. sp.Typen, M. Beier det.”, “Sardegna (Gerrei) Villasalto / Grutta ‘e Scusi [Grotta Rutta ‘e Scusi 602 Sa/CA (39 ° 29 ʹ 54 ʺN 9 ° 24 ʹ 20 ʺE), 525 m a.s.l.] loc. Pardu / 27.X. 67 Leg. F. Cassola” (NMW); 1 3 1 Ƥ “ Chthonius (E.) cassolai n. sp.Paratypen ” (M. Beier det.), “Sardinien, Villasalto / Grotte ‘e Scusi [Grotta Rutta ‘e Scusi 602 Sa/CA, 525 m a.s.l.] 27.10. 67, Cassola” (NMW); 1 Ƥ “ Chthonius (E.) cassolai n. sp.Paratypen ” (M. Beier det.), “Sardegna, Villasalto / Grutta ‘e Scusi (Loc. Pardu) [Grotta Rutta ‘e Scusi 602 Sa/CA, 525 m a.s.l.] / 17.XII. 1967 / Leg. F. Cassola” (NMW). Other material examined.ITALY —Sardinia: Cagliari Prov. – 1 Ƥ, Villasalto, Pardu, Grotta Rutta ‘e Scusi 602 Sa/CA, 525 m a.s.l., 14.III. 2010, P. Marcia & C. Onnis leg. Sardinia: Nuoro Prov.—2 Ƥ, Dorgali, Monte Coazza, 28.IV. 1992, P. Leo leg.; 1 D, Dorgali, Monte S’Ospile, Grotta di Ispinigoli 212 Sa/NU, 300 m a.s.l., 4.IV. 1993, G. Grafitti leg., on dried stalagmitic flows at entrance of Pozzo Saracco; 1 3, Nurri, Crabarida, Grotta Asutta ‘e Scraccas 5 Sa/NU, 490 m a.s.l., 9.VIII. 1998, J. De Waele & D. Deidda leg., under stone; 1 3 1 Ƥ, id., Corroga, Grotta Su Fossu ‘e Corroga 761 Sa/NU, 590 m a.s.l., 5.VIII. 1999, J. De Waele & A. Muntoni leg., on mud.

Description

Description of adults (Ƥ). Facies weakly troglomorphic, integument depigmented or with weak pigmentation, carapace, tergites, chelicerae and pedipalps pale testaceous; lateral surfaces of carapace and cheliceral palm with marked hispid granulation. Carapace 1.0– 1.1 times longer than broad, posteriorly constricted; anterior margin (figs 36–37) strongly dentate between median macrosetae, weakly rounded and prominent (3) or with epistome (Ƥ); ocular area as in fig. 37, no eyes, or anterior ones reduced to a smooth cuticular area; chaetotaxy m 4m: 6: 4: 2: 4 (20), rarely 2 preocular microsetae, macrosetae fine, length of anteromedian macrosetae 0.115–0.12 mm; posterolateral macrosetae shorter than the posteromedian ones. Chaetotaxy of tergites I–X 4: 4: 4: 4: 6: 6: 6: 6: 6: 4. Chaetotaxy of sternites II–X 10:(3) 8 (3):(2) 7 (2): 8: 6: 6: 6: 6: 7; sternite II rarely with 9 setae, st. IV rarely with (2) 8 (2) setae; genital opening of males flanked by 6–8 setae on each side; genital opening with straight, slightly opened sides. Chelicerae (figs 38–39) 2.15–2.3 times as long as broad, palm with 6 setae and 1 lateral microseta; fixed finger with 8–11 teeth proximally reduced in size and 7–10 proximal microtubercles; movable finger with an isolated subapical tooth a little proximad of the spinneret, 6–8 teeth proximally reduced in size and 4–5 proximal microtubercles; gl ratio 0.59–0.66; spinneret weakly raised in males, prominent and apically rounded in females; rallum with 11 blades. Coxal setae: pedipalp 5 (including 2 on manducatory process), I 3 + 3 marginal microsetae, II 4, III 5, IV 6; coxa II with 6–13 coxal spines, coxa III with 4–6 coxal spines; intercoxal tubercle bisetose. Pedipalp (figs 40–41): femur 6.0– 7.3 (3), 5.7–6.4 (Ƥ) times as long as broad, with moderate hispid granulation basally; chela 5.7–5.9 (3), 5.0– 5.1 (Ƥ) times as long as deep; hand of chela 2.15–2.3 (3), 2.0– 2.1 (Ƥ) times as long as deep, with an evident rounded hump distad of ib-isb and a weak hollow—with thicker cuticle—just before the base of the movable finger; fixed chelal finger with 17–21 triangular teeth: the 1–3 distal teeth small, the following ones—with dental canals—larger, faintly reclined, gradually reduced proximally back to level of sb; base of fixed finger with 8–12 tubercles; tip of fixed finger with a modified accessory tooth (td) on antiaxial face; fixed chelal finger at level of est-it with 4–5 teeth occupying 0.1 mm (distance between successive apices 0.023–0.028 mm); distal half of movable chelal finger with 9–11 upright, triangular teeth, with dental canals; proximal half of movable finger with 9–15 rounded teeth without (?) dental canals, on high marginal lamina at level of sb; base of movable finger between b-sb with 8–10 microtubercles; coupled sensilla pc distad of sb; trichobothria as in figs 40–41, ist very distad of the line eb-esb; apodeme of movable finger sclerotized, mostly curved and apically truncate; ratio of movable finger/hand of chela 1.5–1.6 (3), 1.4–1.5 (Ƥ); ratio of pedipalpal femur/movable finger 1.15–1.2 (3 Ƥ); ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.4–1.6 (3 Ƥ). Measurements (in mm). Body length 1.5–2.2 (3 Ƥ). Carapace 0.47–0.50 × 045– 0.48 (0.43–0.45 anteriorly) (3), 0.44–0.57 × 0.45–0.57 (0.43–0.54 anteriorly) (Ƥ). Chelicerae 0.41–0.45 × 0.185–0.20 (3), 0.39–0.55 × 0.18– 0.25 (Ƥ), movable finger length 0.21–0.23 (3), 0.20–0.28 (Ƥ). Pedipalp: femur 0.66–0.80 × 0.11–0.12 (3), 0.60– 0.90 × 0.105–0.14 (Ƥ); chela 0.89–1.12 × 0.15–0.195 (3), 0.84–1.37 × 0.17–0.27 (Ƥ); hand length 0.35–0.42 (3), 0.34–0.55 (Ƥ); movable finger length 0.54–0.68 (3), 0.50–0.78 (Ƥ).

Discussion

Remarks. Among the species of the C. fuscimanus group, C. cassolai is closely related to the epigean C. berninii from Sardinia because of the number of macrosetae on the posterior margin of carapace, the shape of chelal hand and the marginal lamina; it differs from C. berninii by the absence (or reduction) of eyes (four eyes in C. berninii), by the arrangement of setae along the genital opening of males (genital opening flanked by 5–8 partly scattered setae on each side in C. berninii) and by the troglomorphic facies, with greater size and more elongate appendages (length of chela 0.89–1.12 (3) 0.84–1.37 (Ƥ) mm, chela 5.7–5.9 (3) 5.0– 5.1 (Ƥ) times as long as deep, ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.4–1.6 in C. cassolai; length of chela 0.45–0.57 (3) 0.51–0.66 (Ƥ), chela 4.0– 5.3 (3) 3.6–4.6 (Ƥ) times as long as deep, ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.0– 1.2 in C. berninii). For comparisons between C. cassolai and the epigean C. parmensis, see Remarks under the latter species. The species is known from subterranean habitats of central and southeastern Sardinia (fig. 286): comparisons between populations of isolated karstic systems are made in Gardini (2008).

Taxon Treatment

  • Gardini, Giulio; 2013: A revision of the species of the pseudoscorpion subgenus Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from Italy and neighbouring areas, Zootaxa 3655: 26-29. doi
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