View source for Trichosiopsis melanoma

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{{Treatment start
| Ordo = Diptera
| Familia = Sciaridae
| Genus = Trichosiopsis
| Specific name = melanoma
| Infraspecific name = 
| Taxon rank = species
| Taxon authority = (Mohrig & Menzel, 1990)
| Taxon status =
| Nomenclature citation = {{Nomenclature citation |''Trichosia (Leptosciarella) melanoma'' {{aut|Mohrig & Menzel, 1990}}<ref name="SC002">{{aut|Menzel, F.; Mohrig, W.; Groth, I.}} 1990: Beiträge zur Insektenfauna der DDR: Diptera - Sciaridae. ''Beiträge zur Entomologie'', '''40''', 301-400.</ref>: 316, fig. 1}}
{{Nomenclature citation |''Leptosciarella (Leptosciarella) melanoma'' ({{aut|Mohrig & Mamaev, 1979}})<ref name="SC226">{{aut|Mohrig, W.; Menzel, F.}} 1997: Revision der paläarktischen Arten von ''Trichosia'' Winnertz sensu Tuomikoski, 1960 (Diptera, Sciaridae). – Teil II. Gattungen ''Leptosciarella'' Tuomikoski, 1960 und ''Trichodapus'' gen. nov. ''Studia dipterologica'', '''4'''(1), 41–98.</ref>: 66, fig. 13}}
| Wikispecies page name = Leptosciarella_melanoma
| ZooBank ID =urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7483B061-025C-4362-9E97-ABE7DAE9D721 
}}

==Type material==
Holotype: ♂, 10.09.1987, leg. Menzel no. 162 in PWMP

===Type locality===
Germany, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Gützkow, Hasenberg

==Further material studied==
'''Austria:''' 1 ♂, Bodental, Tschepa-Schlucht, Mischwald am Bach, sweep netting, Heller, 16.07.2010, PKHH 7668;
'''Germany:''' 1 ♂, ''Baden-Württemberg'', Malsch, Pappelforst, Malaise trap, Doczkal, 16.9.-08.10.2004, PKHH 4687; 
1 ♂, ''Bavaria'', Bergen im Chiemgau, Hochfelln, Fichtenwald an Klamm, sweep netting, Heller, 27.06.2012, PKHH 8059; 1 ♂, Schöngeising, A1E, Kellerbach, 550m, Schacht, 23.05.1992, PKHH 619; 
1 ♂, ''Mecklenburg-Vorpommern'', Greifswald, Laubwald, Malaise trap, Jaschhof, 1994, PKHH 5432; 1 ♂, NSG Galenbecker See, Fleetholz, Bruchwald mit Erle, Esche, Kreuzdorn, Eiche, Birke, exhaustor, Jaschhof, 30.07.1993, PWMP 1755; 
1 ♂, ''Schleswig-Holstein'', Flensburg, Marienhölzung, Wald, Malaise trap, Barkemeyer, 27.6.-04.07.1997, PKHH 2894; 1 ♂, 12.-19.07.1996, PKHH 2030; 2 ♂, 16.-23.08.1996, PKHH 2043; 1 ♂, 23.-30.08.1996, PKHH 2052; 1 ♂, Heikendorf-Korügen, Buchenwald, sweep netting, Heller, 16.06.2010, PKHH 7654; 1 ♂, Kiel-Gaarden, Erlenbruch, sweep netting, Heller, 19.06.1995, PKHH 1011; 1 ♂, Wankendorf, beech forest, photoeclector, Hingst, 5.-19.06.1990, PKHH 5; 1 ♂, PKHH 6
1 ♂, 8.-22.05.1990; 1 ♂, 15.-29.08.1989, PKHH 4; 
1 ♂, ''Thuringia'', Hainich Nationalpark, Craulaer Kreuz, Buchenwald, sweep netting, Heller, 18.06.2005, PKHH 4401; 
'''Finland:''' 1 ♂, LK, Parikkala, Lake Siikalahti: birch/alder swamp forest, Malaise trap, Jaschhof, 24.6.-19.08.2004, MZH 9195; 
'''Sweden:''' 1 ♂, ''Småland'', Gränna, Lönnemålen, next to old cellar; Norway spruce forest with big harvested ashes, Malaise trap, Swedish Malaise Trap Project, 10.-24.09.2003, NHRS 4091; 
2 ♂, ''Södermannland'', Nämdö, Krokudden, Krokvik, spruce and pine forest, Malaise trap, Swedish Malaise Trap Project, 5.7.-07.08.2008, NHRS 4237/4238; 
2 ♂, ''Uppland'', Svartlöga, Matkrok, maritime deciduous wood, Malaise trap, Swedish Malaise Trap Project, 19.7.-18.08.2005, PKHH 7423; 
2 ♂, ''Östergötland'', Omberg, Boskogsreservatet Omberg: beech forest, Malaise trap, Hippa, 5.-19.07.2005, PKHH 7510; 5 ♂, Storpissan: old Norway spruce wood, Malaise trap, Swedish Malaise Trap Project, 28.5.-05.07.2005, PKHH 6581, NHRS 2011/2012/2135/3571; 
'''Switzerland:''' 1 ♂, Zurich, Sihlwald, photoeclector, Schiegg, 24.5.-19.06.1996, PKHH 2276.

==Description (male)==
'''Head'''. Eye bridge 4 rows of facets. LW-index of 4<sup>th</sup> antennal flagellar segment 2–2.4; neck 0.25–0.35 of segment width; Transition of basal part to neck pronounced. Colour of neck unicolour. Antennal hairs as long as segment width; sparse; salient. Palps darkened; normal; palpomeres 3. First palpomere of normal shape, or thickened; with 3–5 bristles; with only some sparse sensillae. Second palpomere shortly oval. Third palpomere as long as first segment, or longer than first segment. '''Thorax'''. Colour brown. Notum unicolorous. Thoracic setae normal; dark. Mesonotum with some weaker central bristles. Posterior pronotum bare, or setose. Postpronotal setae 0–2; fine. Laterotergite bare. ''Legs''. Colour yellow-brown. Hind coxae darkened. Hairs on fore coxae black. Front tibia apically with a patch of setae. Front tibial organ dark. Front tibial organ not bordered. Tibial setae on hind legs normal, shorter than tibial width. Tibial spurs of equal length. Claws untoothed. ''Wings''. Wings slightly darkened; of normal shape. Wing membrane without macrotrichia. Wing venation weak, with faint m-base. M-fork of normal shape. R<sub>1</sub> inserting clearly before base of m-fork; posterior veins with macrotrichia; stM bare; cuA<sub>1</sub> and cuA<sub>2</sub> mainly with macrotrichia; bM bare; r-m with a few setae; bM:r-M 0.56–0.7; st-Cu:bM 0.6–0.75; r<sub>1</sub>:r 1.1–1.35; C:w 0.66–0.78. Halteres dark; of normal length. '''Abdomen'''. Abdominal setae strong and dense; dorsally dark; ventrally dark. Hypopygium concolour with abdomen; 0.7–0.85 × longer than wide. Base of gonocoxites with normal, weak hairs, or with strong setae; gonocoxites narrowly separated; inner margin of gonocoxites normally U-shaped; inner part of hypopygium bare, or scarcely setose; elongated setae on valves of hypopygium absent. Gonostylus elongate; 2.1–2.5 × longer than wide; Inner margin concave; apex with one obtuse angle, or with two obtuse angles. Apical tooth present; 2.2–2.7 × longer than broad; normal. Awl-like setae long, or normal; on inner side of gonostyles present apically. Megasetae on inner part of gonostylus absent. Whiplash-hair absent. Tegmen 0.59–0.7 × longer than broad; rectangular with rounded edges; normal; Central process absent. Length of aedeagus/hypopygium 20–35 %; Aeadeagal apical structure present. '''Measurements'''. Body size 2.4–2.7 mm. Hind tibia 1.35–1.5 mm. Wing length 2.3–2.6 mm.

==Diagnosis==
''Trichosiopsis melanoma'' is a small, but characteristic, dark species. It is distinguished from ''[[Trichosiopsis fuscipalpa]]'' by shorter antennae and more elongate gonostyli with awl-like spines on the inner side of the gonostyles below the apical tooth. ''[[Trichosiopsis finjae]]'' is also similar in colour and general aspect, but can be distinguished by the more rectangular gonostyli and the stronger setae at the hypopygial base. Another, similarly small species is ''[[Trichosiopsis brevior]]'', which can be distinguished by the much longer antennae and the differently shaped gonostyli. For distinction of the other species of the species complex, ''[[Trichosiopsis melanosoma]]'', ''[[Trichosiopsis melanopilosa]]'', ''[[Trichosiopsis antimelanoma]]'', ''[[Trichosiopsis neomelanoma]]'' and ''[[Trichosiopsis cryptomelanoma]]'' see under these species.

===DNA Barcoding===
COI sequences are assigned to the following BINs:
*{{BIN|ACS7888}}  (average distance 0.19%, max. 0.32%, n=5, K2P: 4.01%)
*{{BIN|ADF8509}} (n=1, K2P: 4.01%)

==Discussion==
''Trichosiopsis melanoma'' in the former sense resulted to be part of a complex of different phylogenetic entities. DNA barcoding revealed six different genetic clusters with K2P distances of more than 4.0% each. Specimens of the most widespread variant agree with the original description and are therefore regarded as ''Trichosiopsis melanoma melanoma''. The other ones are treated as subspecies, respectively as different species.

==Etymology==
''lat.'', from ancient Greek μέλας (melas, "black, dark") and -oma ("disease, morbidity")

==Ecology==
''Trichosiopsis melanoma'' is not very common, but apparently widespread in Europe. Is is mostly found in forests.

==Distribution==
Austria, 
Czech Republic<ref name="SC283">{{aut|Menzel, F.; Mohrig, W.; Barták, J.}} 2000: Sciaridae. In: J. Vanhara & M. Barták (Eds.), ''Diptera in an industrially affected region (North-Western Bohemia, Bilina and Duchcov Environs), I'', Folia Facultatis Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Masarykianae Brunensis (104). pp. 73-81.</ref><ref name="SC106">{{aut|Rudzinski, H.-G.}} 1994: Trauermückenfunde aus Nord-Mähren (Diptera: Sciaridae). ''Entomological Problems'', '''25''', 11-23.</ref>, 
Finland<ref name="SC751">{{aut|Vilkamaa, P.; Heller, K.; Hippa, H.}} 2013: New species of Sciaridae (Diptera) to the Finnish fauna. ''Sahlbergia'', '''19'''(1–2), 20–29.</ref>,
Germany<ref name="SC094">{{aut|Rudzinski, H.-G.}} 1994: Fundort Schöngeising - die Trauermücken mit einer Liste aller bisher in Bayern aktuell nachgewiesenen Arten (vorläufig als“ Zweiflügler aus Bayern IV”) (Diptera Nematocera, Sciaridae). ''Entomofauna'', '''15'''(25), 293–311. [http://81.10.184.26:9001/pdf/ENT_0015_0293-0311.pdf PDF]</ref><ref name="SC461">{{aut|Menzel, F.}} 2006: 6.1.3.7 Familie Trauermücken (Sciaridae). In: Nationalparkverwaltung Berchtesgaden (Ed.), ''Quellen im Nationalpark Berchtesgaden. Lebensgemeinschaften als Indikatoren des Klimawandels'', Nationalpark Berchtesgaden, Forschungsbericht (51). Berchtesgaden. pp. 204-208.</ref><ref name="SC002" /><ref name="SC249">{{aut|Metzner, K.; Erlacher, S.I.; Leuckefeld, S.}} 1999: Untersuchungen zur Trauermückenfauna des Elster-Pleiße-Auwaldes bei Leipzig (Diptera, Sciaridae). ''Entomologische Nachrichten und Berichte'', '''43''', 41–51.</ref><ref name="SC226" /><ref name="SC326">{{aut|Heller, K.}} 2004: Eine Bestandsaufnahme der Sciaridae (Diptera) Schleswig-Holsteins mit Ergänzungen und Korrekturen zum bisher bekannten Arteninventar. ''Faunistisch-Ökologische Mitteilungen'', '''8''', 233–257.</ref><ref name="SC464">{{aut|Menzel, F.; Heller, K.}} 2006: Trauermücken (Diptera: Sciaridae) aus dem Nationalpark „Hainich“ (Thüringen) nebst der Beschreibung von ''Scatopsciara andrei'' Menzel spec. nov. ''Studia dipterologica'', '''13'''(1), 45–59.</ref>, 
Great Britain<ref name="SC446">{{aut|Menzel, F.; Smith, J.E.; Chandler, P.}} 2006: The sciarid fauna of the British Isles (Diptera: Sciaridae), including descriptions of six new species. ''Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society'', '''146''', 1-147. [http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Menzel_et_al_2006_Sciaridae_sp_n_checklist_GB.pdf PDF]</ref>, 
Ireland<ref name="SC446" />, 
Norway<ref name="GBIF">{{aut|GBIF}} [https://www.gbif.org/species/4520708 ''{{BASEPAGENAME}}'']</ref>, 
Slovakia<ref name="SC577">{{aut|Rudzinski, H.-G.}} 2009: Die Trauermücken des Poľana Biosphären-Reservats (Diptera: Sciaridae). ''Casopis Slezskeho zemskeho muzea, serie A'', '''58''', 39-46.</ref><ref name="SC732">{{aut|Rudzinski, H.-G.; Ševčík, J.}} 2012: Fungus gnats (Diptera: Sciaroidea) of the Gemer region (Central Slovakia): Part 3 – Sciaridae. ''Časopis Slezského zemského muzea'', '''61''', 143–157.</ref>, 
Sweden<ref name="SC565">{{aut|Heller, K.; Vilkamaa, P.; Hippa, H.}} 2009: An annotated check list of Swedish black fungus gnats (Diptera, Sciaridae). ''Sahlbergia'', '''15'''(1), 23-51.</ref>, 
Switzerland<ref name="SC631">{{aut|Schiegg, K.; Obrist, M.; Duelli, P.; Merz, B. et al.}} 1999: Diptera and Coleoptera collected in the Forest Reserve Sihlwald ZH. ''Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft'', '''72''', 289–302.</ref>.

==Subspecies list==
''[[Trichosiopsis melanoma melanoma]]'' -
''[[Trichosiopsis melanoma pannonica]]'' 

==Images==
{{Gallery | lines=3 | width=300
|1= File:Leptosciarella melanoma Habitus KH7423.jpg|2= '''Figure 1.''' ''Trichosiopsis melanoma'' male, habitus, scale 1 mm
|3= File:Leptosciarella melanoma Hypopygium KH7423.jpg|4= '''Figure 2.''' ''Trichosiopsis melanoma'' male, hypopygium, scale 0.1 mm
|5= File:Leptosciarella melanoma Gonostylus KH7423.jpg|6= '''Figure 3.''' ''Trichosiopsis melanoma'' male, gonostylus (ventral view), scale 0.1 mm
|7= File:Leptosciarella melanoma Gonostylus dorsal KH7423.jpg|8= '''Figure 4.''' ''Trichosiopsis melanoma'' male, gonostylus (dorsal view), scale 0.1 mm
|9= File:Leptosciarella melanoma Tegmen KH7423.jpg|10= '''Figure 5.''' ''Trichosiopsis melanoma'' male, aedeagal complex, scale 0.1 mm
|11= File:Leptosciarella melanoma Antenna KH7423.jpg|12= '''Figure 6.''' ''Trichosiopsis melanoma'' male, 4<sup>th</sup> antennal flagellar segment, scale 0.1 mm
|13= File:Leptosciarella melanoma Palpus KH4401.jpg|14= '''Figure 7.''' ''Trichosiopsis melanoma'' male, palpus, scale 0.1 mm
|15= File:Leptosciarella melanoma Wing KH7423.jpg|16= '''Figure 8.''' ''Trichosiopsis melanoma'' male, wing, scale 1 mm
}}

==References==
<references />