View source for Trichosiopsis hirsutissima

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{{Treatment start
| Ordo = Diptera
| Familia = Sciaridae
| Genus = Trichosiopsis
| Specific name = hirsutissima
| Infraspecific name =
| Taxon rank = species
| Taxon authority = (Strobl, 1895)
| Taxon status = stat rev.
| Nomenclature citation = {{Nomenclature citation |''Sciara hirsutissima'' {{aut|Strobl, 1895}}<ref name="SC682">{{aut|Strobl, G.}} 1895: Die Dipteren von Steiermark. III. Theil. Diptera, Nematocera. ''Mittheilungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereines für Steiermark'', '''31'''(1894), 121–243. [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45343#page/215/mode/1up BHL]</ref>: 131}}
| Wikispecies page name =
| ZooBank ID =urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F223B5E6-1E8D-4B2E-8159-E13F6ABB2F97
}}

==Type material==
Lectotype: ♂, 23.06. [not 23.05.], leg. Strobl, 3002 in NMBA; designated by Menzel (1992<ref name="SC068">{{aut|Menzel, F.}} 1992: Beiträge zur Taxonomie und Faunistik der paläarktischen Trauermücken (Diptera, Sciaridae). Teil I. - Die Stroblschen Sciaridentypen des Naturhistorischen Museums des Benediktinerstifts Admont. ''Beiträge zur Entomologie'', '''42'''(2).</ref>: 237)

===Type locality===
'''Austria''', Styria, Admont

===Paralectotypes===
1 ♀, same data as holotype; 1 ♂, Seitenstetten, leg. Strobl [both in NMBA]

==Barcoded material==
{|class="wikitable sortable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"

|-
! Stadium
! Country
! Province
! Locality
! Habitat
! Method
! Date
! Collector
! Collection Number
! Collection
! Latitude
! Longitude
! Elevation (m)
|-
| 1 ♂ (holotype)
| Austria
| Tyrol
| Sellrain, Stubai Alps, Gleirschjöchl
| alpine heather
| sweep netting
| align="right" | 27.07.2013
| Kai Heller
| ZFMK-TIS-2513656
| ZFMK
| align="right" | 47.1486111
| align="right" | 11.055
| 2400
|-
| 1 ♂
| Austria
| Tyrol
| Sellrain, Stubai Alps, Gleirschjöchl
| alpine heather
| sweep netting
| align="right" | 27.07.2013
| Kai Heller
| ZFMK-TIS-2513657
| ZFMK
| align="right" | 47.1486111
| align="right" | 11.055
| 2400
|-
| 1 ♂
| Austria
| Tyrol
| Sellrain, Stubai Alps, Gleirschjöchl
| alpine heather
| sweep netting
| align="right" | 27.07.2013
| Kai Heller
| ZFMK-TIS-2515070
| ZFMK
| align="right" | 47.1486111
| align="right" | 11.055
| 2400
|-
| 1 ♂
| Austria
| Tyrol
| Sellrain, Stubai Alps, Gleirschjöchl
| alpine heather
| sweep netting
| align="right" | 27.07.2013
| Kai Heller
| ZFMK-TIS-2515069
| ZFMK
| align="right" | 47.1486111
| align="right" | 11.055
| 2400
|-
| 1 ♂
| Austria
| Tyrol
| Sellrain, Stubai Alps, Gleirschjöchl
| alpine heather
| sweep netting
| align="right" | 27.07.2013
| Kai Heller
| ZFMK-TIS-2515074
| ZFMK
| align="right" | 47.1486111
| align="right" | 11.055
| 2400
|-
| 1 ♀
| Austria
| Tyrol
| Sellrain, Stubai Alps, Gleirschjöchl
| alpine heather
| sweep netting
| align="right" | 27.07.2013
| Kai Heller
| ZFMK-TIS-2515073
| ZFMK
| align="right" | 47.1486111
| align="right" | 11.055
| 2400
|-
| 1 ♀
| Austria
| Tyrol
| Sellrain, Stubai Alps, Gleirschjöchl
| alpine heather
| sweep netting
| align="right" | 27.07.2013
| Kai Heller
| ZFMK-TIS-2515072
| ZFMK
| align="right" | 47.1486111
| align="right" | 11.055
| 2400
|-
| 1 ♀
| Austria
| Tyrol
| Sellrain, Stubai Alps, Gleirschjöchl
| alpine heather
| sweep netting
| align="right" | 27.07.2013
| Kai Heller
| ZFMK-TIS-14927
| ZFMK
| align="right" | 47.1486111
| align="right" | 11.055
| 2400
|-
| 1
| Switzerland
| Uri / Wallis
| Furkapass, APFOR-station
|
|
|
| Christian Körner
| 24424-A09
| MZH
| align="right" | 46.577
| align="right" | 8.421
|
|} 

==Other material studied==
'''Austria:''' 1 ♀, ''Tyrol'', Sellrain, Stubai Alps, Gleirschjöchl, Heller, 27.07.2013, PKHH 8250;
'''Italy:''' 5 ♂, ''South Tyrol'', Stilfzer Joch NP, Glumser Alm, alpine Grasheide, Lange & Ziegler, 29.06.-04.07.2005, SDEI 3319–3323; 5 ♂, Suldental bei Schmelz, hochmontaner Fichten-Lärchen-Wald, Malaise trap, Lange & Ziegler, 21.-31.05.2005, SDEI 2495.

==Description (male)==
'''Head'''. Eye bridge 4–6 rows of facets. Antenna unicolour. LW-index of 4<sup>th</sup> flagellomere 1.6–2; neck 0.08–0.16 × segment width; transition of basal part to neck pronounced. Colour of neck unicolour. Antennal setae as long as segment width; of normal strength; dense; salient. Palpus darkened; of normal length; palpomeres 3. First palpomere elongate; with 5–8 setae; with only sparse sensilla. Second palpomere elongate. Third palpomere as long as first. '''Thorax'''. Colour dark brown, or brown. Notum unicolour. Thoracic setae long and strong; black. Posterior pronotum setose. Postpronotal setae 6–9; strong. Mesothoracic sclerites setose. Laterotergite with 6–9 setae. ''Legs''. Colour brown. Hind coxa of same colour as femora. Setae on front coxa pale. Front tibial organ as patch of setae; dark; front tibial organ not bordered. Tibial setae on hind legs normal, shorter than tibial width. Tibial spurs of equal length. Claws untoothed. ''Wing''. Wing slightly darkened; of normal shape. Wing membrane without macrotrichia. Wing venation weak, with faint stM. M-fork of normal shape. R<sub>1</sub> ending clearly after base of m-fork; posterior veins with macrotrichia; stM mostly with macrotrichia; CuA<sub>1</sub> and CuA<sub>2</sub> mostly with macrotrichia; bM setose; r-m mostly setose; bM:r-M 0.75–0.9; st-Cu:bM 0.5–0.7; R<sub>1</sub>:R 1.3–1.6; c:w 0.6–0.8. Halter darkened; of normal length. '''Abdomen'''. Abdominal setae strong; on tergites pale, or dark and pale; on sternites white. Hypopygium concolour with abdomen; LW-index 0.6–0.8. Base of gonocoxites with weak setae; gonocoxites broadly separated; inner margin of gonocoxites typically U-shaped; inner membrane of hypopygium scarcely setose; ventral margin of gonocoxite with short setae. Gonostylus elongate; LW-index 2.3–2.6; Inner margin concave; apex tapered, or with one obtuse angle. Apical tooth present; without internal structure; of medium strength; LW-Index 2.3–2.8. Awl-like setae normal; present beneath apical tooth. Megasetae absent. Whiplash-hair absent. Tegmen 0.3–0.6 × longer than broad; rectangular with rounded edges; without special features; central process absent. Length of ejaculatory apodeme/hypopygium 20–28 %; base of ejaculatory apodeme present. Field with aedeagal teeth inconspicuous. '''Measurements'''. Body size 3–3.8 mm. Hind tibia 1.5–1.65 mm. Wing length 2.8–3.3 mm.

==Diagnosis==
Morphologically, ''Tr. hirsutissima'' resembles ''[[Trichosiopsis hispida]]'' by the dark-coloured legs, the narrow wings and the presence of setae on the laterotergite.
The species belongs to the ''[[Trichosiopsis trochanterata]]'' complex and here to the species with a setose laterotergite. ''Tr. hirsutissima'' can be distinguished from ''Tr. hispida'' by the longer and less tapered gonostylus and the tendency to having a few more setae on the laterotergite (6-9 instead of 3-5). The wings are less darkened and the anal lobe is not reduced. ''[[Trichosiopsis coarctata]]'' is distinguished by a more parallel, not tapered gonostylus and by more distinctly bi-coloured fore femora.

===DNA Barcoding===
The COI sequence is assigned to BIN {{BIN|ACM3280}} (average distance 1.48%, max. 2.91%, n=9, K2P: 8.62%).

==Etymology==
''lat''. hirsutus = hairy; superlative: hirsutissima = most hairy.

==Discussion==
Species of the ''Tr. trochanterata'' complex are extremely uniform and was previously considered to be synonymous to ''Tr. trochanterata'' by Mohrig & Menzel (1992<ref name="SC226">{{aut|Mohrig, W.; Menzel, F.}} 1997: Revision der paläarktischen Arten von ''Trichosia'' Winnertz sensu Tuomikoski, 1960 (Diptera, Sciaridae). – Teil II. Gattungen ''Leptosciarella'' Tuomikoski, 1960 und ''Trichodapus'' gen. nov. ''Studia dipterologica'', '''4'''(1), 41–98.</ref>: 54–55) By the hypopygium and most body characters ''Tr. hirsutissima'' is practically not distinguishable from other similar species. However, it bears some distinct setae on the laterotergite. Such setae are also observed in ''[[Trichosiopsis hispida]]'' and in ''[[Trichosiopsis coarctata]]''.

It may be argued, that distinguishing ''Tr. hirsutissima'' as distinct species based on so few morphological differences is an oversplitting. But the comparison of DNA sequence of COI with a genetic difference of more than 9% to ''Tr. trochanterata'', ''Tr. coarctata'' and ''Tr. hispida'' shows without doubt its clear distinctiveness. Specimens of three very similar species or subspecies ''Tr. hirsutissima'', ''[[Trichosiopsis hispida sellrain]]'' and ''[[Trichosiopsis coarctata requaesta]]'' were collected together at the same time at the same place. ''[[Trichosiopsis incognita]]'' is one more known alpine species in the ''trochanterata'' complex. This leads to the assumption, that particularly in the Alps a lot more species of this complex might be expected. With the apparent multitude of ''Tr. trochanterata''-like species in higher altitudes, the traditional morphological species concept is obviously reaching its limits and the support of genetic methods is indispensable.

==Distribution==
Austria<ref name="SC682" />, Italy, Switzerland.

==Images==
{{Gallery | lines=3 | width=300
|1= File: Wiebke BN214 M.jpg|2= '''Figure 1.''' ''Trichosiopsis hirsutissima'' male, habitus, scale 1.0 mm
|3= File:Wiebke BN213 H.jpg|4= '''Figure 2.''' ''Trichosiopsis hirsutissima'' male, hypopygium (holotype), scale 0.1 mm
|5= File:Wiebke BN214 H.jpg|6= '''Figure 3.''' ''Trichosiopsis hirsutissima'' male, hypopygium, scale 0.1 mm
|7= File:Wiebke BN213 S.jpg|8= '''Figure 4.''' ''Trichosiopsis hirsutissima'' male, gonostylus, scale 0.1 mm
|9= File:Wiebke BN214 G.jpg|10= '''Figure 5.''' ''Trichosiopsis hirsutissima'' male, aedeagal complex, scale 0.1 mm
|11= File:Wiebke BN214 F.jpg|12= '''Figure 6.''' ''Trichosiopsis hirsutissima'' male, 4<sup>th</sup> antennal flagellomere, scale 0.1 mm
|13= File:Wiebke BN213 P.jpg|14= '''Figure 7.''' ''Trichosiopsis hirsutissima'' male, palpus, scale 0.1 mm
|15= File:Wiebke BN214 Pl.jpg|16= '''Figure 8.''' ''Trichosiopsis hirsutissima'' male, laterotergite, scale 0.1 mm
|17= File:Wiebke BN214 L.jpg|18= '''Figure 9.''' ''Trichosiopsis hirsutissima'' male, wing, scale 1.0 mm
}}

==References==
<references />