Mycological teaching diagrams by Meike Piepenbring

Introduction

These diagrams have been created for teaching of mycology and phytopathology. They are shared here in order to extend our knowledge on fungi, especially those living in the tropics.

Phylogeny of fungi (names in bold), simplified

Cellular structures of fungi and algae

Vegetative development starting from a hypha

Life cycle, generations and nuclear stages

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Types of fertilization

Different types of fertilization. Long, red arrows indicate direction of movement. Short red arrows indicate growth by which compatible cells get in contact with each other and fuse. Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Groups of Fungi

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Divisions of true fungi, Fungi, simplified

Life cycle with dikaryotic stage, Ascomycota Basidiomycota

Chitin, Fungi

Basidiomycota

Phylogeny Basidiomycota

Developement of clamp connection

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Types of basidia

Discharge of ballistospore

Based on Money (1998), simplified.

Money, N.P. 1998. More g’s than the space shuttle: ballistospore discharge. Mycologia 90: 547-558.

Development starting from a basidiospore

Pores in septa of hyphae of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota

Life cycle Basidiomycota, basidium

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Types of fruiting bodies, Basidiomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Concepts of Agaricales and Polyporales, Basidiomycota

Connections of a lamella to the stipe, Agaricales Basidiomycota

Hemiangiocarpic fruiting body of Amanita sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota

Modified after diagrams by Yang Zhu-Liang; with permission.

Life cycle of Agaricus sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Bromatium of leaf-cutting ants, Agaricales Basidiomycota

Escovopsis weberi, parasite of the fungus cultivated by leaf-cutting ants, conidiophore with conidia, Agaricales Basidiomycota

Termite nest, Termitomyces sp., Termitosphaera sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota

Diagram on the left hand side based on Heim (1977) and Buyck (1994).

Buyck, B. 1994. Ubwoba: les champignons comestibles de l'Ouest du Burundi. Publ. Agric. 34.

Heim, R. 1977. Termites et champignons. Les champignons termitophiles d´Afrique Noire et d´Asie méridionale. Société Nouvelle des Éditions Boubée, Paris.

Drawing on the right hand side based on a drawing by Roland Kirschner, used with permission.

Hyphae with conidia of Moniliophthora roreri, Agaricales Basidiomycota

Ectomycorrhizae in their habitat, Boletales Basidiomycota

In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke.

Ectomycorrhiza anatomy, Basidiomycota

In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke.

Monotropa uniflora, mycoheterotrophic (erroneously called saprotrophic) plant with its fungus in the habitat

In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke.

Types of hymenophores of Polyporales, Basidiomycota

Skeletal hyphae of Lentinus sp., Polyporales Basidiomycota

Hypha with conidia of Allescheriella crocea, asexual form of Basidiomycota

Types of fruiting bodies of gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota

Types of basidia of gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota

Fruiting bodies of Geastraceae, gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota

Fruiting bodies of Phallales, gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota

Classification of Auriculariales and Tremellales, Basidiomycota

Hymenium with basidium and basidiospores of Exidiopsis laccata, Auriculariales Basidiomycota

Phylogeny of smut fungi (black, bold) and closely related groups, Basidiomycota

Basidia of smut fungi, Basidiomycota

Homothallic basidia of smut fungi, Basidiomycota

Sori of smut fungi, Basidiomycota

Life cycle of Ustilago maydis on corn, Ustilaginales Basidiomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Life cycle of Tilletia ayresii on Panicum maximum, Tilletiales Basidiomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Teliospore ball of Narasimhania alismatis in a leaf of Sagittaria guyanensis, Doassansiales Basidiomycota

Teliospores, a basidium, and dikaryotic cells of Entyloma sp. in a leaf, Entylomatales Basidiomycota

Basidia of Exobasidium poasanum on Satyria warszewiczii, Exobasidiales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring, published in Nova Hedwigia) (diagram by M. Piepenbring)

Basidia of Exobasidium poasanum on Satyria warszewiczii, Exobasidiales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring, published in Nova Hedwigia)

Published in Nova Hedwigia by Piepenbring et al. 2010; reproduced and licensed with permission.

Piepenbring, M., J. Espinoza, L. Saldaña & O. Cáceres (2010) New records, host plants, morphological and molecular data of Exobasidiales (Basidiomycota) from Panama. Nova Hedwigia 91: 231-242.

Fruiting body with elaters and basidia of Graphiola spp., Exobasidiales Basidiomycota

Life cycle of Graphiola phoenicis, Exobasidiales Basidiomycota

Based on Cole (1983) and Oberwinkler et al. (1982).

Cole, G.T. 1983. Graphiola phoenicis: a taxonomic enigma. Mycologia 75: 93-116.

Oberwinkler, F., R.J. Bandoni, P. Blanz, G. Deml & L. Kisimova-Horovitz. 1982. Graphiolales: Basidiomycetes parasitic on palms. Pl. Syst. Evol. 140: 251-277.

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Basidia of Kordyana tradescantiae growing out of stomata, mature and young, Exobasidiales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)

Basidia of Kordyana tradescantiae growing out of stomata, mature and young, Exobasidiales Basidiomycota

Published in Nova Hedwigia by Piepenbring et al. (2010); reproduced with permission.

Piepenbring, M., J. Espinoza, L. Saldaña & O. Cáceres (2010) New records, host plants, morphological and molecular data of Exobasidiales (Basidiomycota) from Panama. Nova Hedwigia 91: 231-242.

Teliospores of rust fungi, Pucciniales Basidiomycota

Column of germinating teliospores of Cionothrix praelonga, Pucciniales Basidiomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Life cycle of Puccinia graminis on a grass, Pucciniales Basidiomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Life cycle of Septobasidium sp. on scale insects on bark of a living tree, Septobasidiales Basidiomycota

Fruiting body with basidia of Atractiella delectans, Atractiellales Basidiomycota

Hypha with a conidiogenous cell and a conidium of Hobsonia mirabilis, asexual Atractiellales Basidiomycota

Ascomycota

Phylogeny subphyla of Ascomycota

Life cycle Ascomycota, ascus

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Morphological groups, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi

Types of conidia, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi

Types of conidiogenesis, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi

Conidia, Ingoldian Hyphomycetes, staurospores, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi

Phylogeny, Pezizomycotina

Fruiting bodies, Ascomycota

Stilboid fungus, Helotiales, Ascomycota

Types of asci, Ascomycota

Morphological groups, orders, Ascomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Ascospores, Ascomycota

Life cycle, Pezizales, Ascomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Fruiting bodies, Pezizales, Ascomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Arthrobotrys superba, asexual, captura nematodos, Orbiliales, Ascomycota (R. Kirschner)

Arthrobotrys superba, asexual, nematode trapping, Orbiliales, Ascomycota (R. Kirschner)

Fruiting bodies, Cyttariales, Helotiales, Leotiales, Ascomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Fruiting bodies, Rhytismatales, Ascomycota

Life cycle, Rhytisma acerinum, Rhytismatales, Ascomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Hou Cheng-Lin; with permission.

Life cycle, Erysiphales, Ascomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Conidiophores, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Eurotiales, Ascomycota

Life cycle, Neurospora sp., Sordariales, Ascomycota

Based on Webster & Weber (2007), simplified.

Webster, J. & R.W.S. Weber. 2007. Introduction to fungi. Cambridge University Press.

Classification Hypocreales, Clavicipitales, Clavicipitaceae, Ascomycota

Fruiting bodies, Hypocreales (without Clavicipitaceae), Ascomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Life cycle, Hypocrea sp., Hypocreales, Ascomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Fruiting bodies, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota

Life cycle, Claviceps purpurea, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

C 16b fungi hyperparasitic on insects on plants, Hypocreales, Ascomycota

Fruiting bodies, Xylariales, Ascomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Fruiting bodies, Xylariales, Boliniales, Ascomycota

Fruiting bodies, ascospores, asexual forms, Xylariales, Ascomycota

Fruiting bodies, Meliolales, Ascomycota

Life cycle, Meliolales, Ascomycota

Based on Rodríguez Justavino (2006).

Rodríguez Justavino, D. 2006. Meliolaceae aus Panama. Ph.D. thesis, University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Fruiting bodies, Phyllachorales, Ascomycota

In collaboration with Tanja Trampe.

Life cycle, Phyllachorales, Ascomycota

Based on Trampe (2009).

Trampe, T. 2009. Neotropical tarspot fungi – exploration of Phyllachorales in Panama. Ph.D. thesis, University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Fruiting bodies, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota

Types of hamathecia, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota

Based on Eriksson (1981).

Eriksson, O. 1981. The families of bitunicate ascomycetes. Opera Botanica 60: 1-209.

Asexual forms, Mycosphaerella, Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota

Life cycle, Mycosphaerella, Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Fruiting body, ascus, ascospore, Myriangium sp., Myriangiales, Ascomycota

Asexual forms, Hyphomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota

Asexual forms, Coelomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota

Fruiting bodies, Asterinaceae, Microthyriales, Ascomycota

Based on Hofmann (2009).

Hofmann, T.A. 2009. Plant parasitic Asterinaceae and Microthyriaceae from the Neotropics (Panama). Ph.D. thesis, University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

C 18a proliferation of ascogenous hyphae, normal development, ascus, Ascomycota

Fruiting body, Antoniomyces loranthicola, Parmulariaceae, Ascomycota

Based on Inácio et al. (2012).

Inácio, C., K. Araúz & M. Piepenbring. 2012. A new genus of Parmulariaceae from Panama. Mycological Progress (published online 2011)

Life cycle, Laboulbenia sp., Laboulbeniales, Ascomycota

Based on Scheloske (1969).

Scheloske, H.-W. 1969. Beiträge zur Biologie, Ökologie und Systematik der Laboulbeniales (Ascomycetes). Parasitologische Schriftenreihe 19: 1-176.

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Systematic groups including yeasts (written in red), Ascomycota, Basidiomycota

Life cycles of yeasts, Saccharomycetales, Schizosaccharomycetales, Ascomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Life cycle, Taphrina deformans, Taphrinales, Ascomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Lichens

Organisms forming lichens, Lichenes (diagram by M. Piepenbring)

Organisms forming lichens, Lichenes

Combinations of the most important organisms forming lichens. The triangle indicates that certain ascolichens include green algae and cyanobacteria.

Interactions green alga (green), fungal hypha, lichen, Lichenes

Systematic position of lichenized Ascomycota (written in green), Lichenes

Phylogenetic position of lichenized species among Ascomycota (simplified). Names written in green indicate groups of lichens. Names written with green and black letters refer to groups which include lichenized and non-lichenized species.

Growth forms of lichens, Lichenes

Anatomy of the thallus, green alga, cyanobacterium, lichen, Lichenes

Anatomy of the thallus, details, lichens, Lichenes

Asci and ascospores of lichens, Lichenes

Glomeromycota

Chlamydospores and siphonal hyphae of a sporocarp, Glomeromycota

C 19a arbuscular mycorrhiza, Glomeromycota

In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke.

Zygomycota

Sporangiophores, sporangia, conidia, liberation of spores, Mucorales, Zygomycota

Zygospores, Mucorales, Zygomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Life cycle, Mucor sp., Mucorales, Zygomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Conidiogenous cells, conidia, Conidiobolus sp., Zygomycota

Chytridiomycota

Types of thalli, Chytridiomycota

Life cycle, Synchytrium endobioticum on potato, Chytridiomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Life cycle, asexual, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Chytridiomycota

Based on Longcore et al. (1999).

Longcore, J.E., A.P. Pessier & D.K. Nichols. 1999. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis gen. et sp. nov., a chytrid pathogenic to amphibians. Mycologia 91: 219-227.

Oomycetes

Phylogeny, simplified, Oomycota

Asexual structures, Saprolegniales, Oomycota

Based on Gäumann (1964).

Gäumann, E. 1964. Die Pilze, Grundzüge ihrer Entwicklungsgeschichte und Morphologie, 2nd edition. Birkhäuser, Basel, Stuttgart.

Life cycle, Saprolegnia sp., Saprolegniales, Oomycota

Sorus, sporangia, Albugo sp., Albuginales, Oomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)

Sorus, sporangia, Albugo sp., Albuginales, Oomycota

Main drawing based on a drawing by Alexandra Riethmüller.

Sporangiophores, Phytophthora, Pseudoperonospora, Peronosporales, Oomycota

Asexual structures, Saprolegniales, Albuginales, Peronosporales, Oomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Life cycle, Phytophthora infestans on potato, Peronosporales, Oomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Protistean fungi

Phylogeny, protistean fungi, slime molds, Myxomycota and other groups

Groups of mucilaginous fungi classified among protists. For orders, only the mycological names are cited. For classes and divisions, zoological names are cited first, and mycological names are added in quotation marks.

Morphological concepts, orders of Myxomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Life cycle, Stemonitis sp., Stemonitales, Myxomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Life cycle, asexual, Dictyostelium sp., Dictyosteliales, Myxomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Life cycle, sexual, Dictyostelium sp., Dictyosteliales, Myxomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Life cycle, Plasmodiophora brassicae in cabbage, Plasmodiophoromycetes

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

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These diagrams are also available in Spanish.