Difference between revisions of "Mycological teaching diagrams by Meike Piepenbring"
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''(These diagrams are also [[Diagramas micológicos elaborado por M. Piepenbring |available in Spanish]])'' | ''(These diagrams are also [[Diagramas micológicos elaborado por M. Piepenbring |available in Spanish]])'' | ||
| + | '''[[:Category:Diagrams by M. Piepenbring|All diagrams]]''' | ||
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These diagrams have been created for teaching of mycology and phytopathology. They are shared here in order to extend our knowledge on fungi, especially those living in the tropics. | These diagrams have been created for teaching of mycology and phytopathology. They are shared here in order to extend our knowledge on fungi, especially those living in the tropics. | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb1.2 phylogeny fungi plants animals algae 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Phylogeny of fungi (names in bold), simplified (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
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Phylogeny of fungi (names in bold), simplified | Phylogeny of fungi (names in bold), simplified | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb1.5 Fungi cellular organisation hypha yeast spore amoeba plasmodium flagellation opisthokont 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Cellular structures of fungi and algae (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
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Cellular structures of fungi and algae | Cellular structures of fungi and algae | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb1.8 Fungi hypha asexual growth spore chlamydospore yeast 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Vegetative development starting from a hypha (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
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Vegetative development starting from a hypha | Vegetative development starting from a hypha | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb1.9 life cycle sporothallus gametothallus diplohaplontic schematical 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, generations and nuclear stages (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | Life cycle, generations and nuclear stages<br/> | |
| − | Life cycle, generations and nuclear stages | + | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/> |
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| − | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis | + | |
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Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb1.10 Pilze Fungi Befruchtung Gametangien Gameten Isogamie Oogamie Spermatisierung Somatogamie 2021 en(M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of fertilization (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | Types of fertilization<br/> | |
| − | Types of fertilization | + | |
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Different types of fertilization. Long, red arrows indicate direction of movement. Short red arrows indicate growth by which compatible cells get in contact with each other and fuse. Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | Different types of fertilization. Long, red arrows indicate direction of movement. Short red arrows indicate growth by which compatible cells get in contact with each other and fuse. Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | ||
| − | [[File:02 01 groups of Fungi (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Groups of Fungi (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | + | [[File:02 01 groups of Fungi (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Groups of Fungi (diagram by M. Piepenbring)('''Old version''')]] |
| − | + | ('''Old version''') | |
| − | Groups of Fungi | + | Groups of Fungi<br/> |
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Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission. | Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission. | ||
| − | [[File:06 01 divisions of true fungi, Fungi, simplified (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Divisions of true fungi, Fungi, simplified (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | + | [[File:06 01 divisions of true fungi, Fungi, simplified (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Divisions of true fungi, Fungi, simplified (diagram by M. Piepenbring)('''Old version''')]] |
| − | + | ('''Old version''') | |
Divisions of true fungi, Fungi, simplified | Divisions of true fungi, Fungi, simplified | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb2.2 Fungi life cycle with dikaryotic phase Basidiomycota Ascomycota 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle with dikaryotic stage, Ascomycota Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
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Life cycle with dikaryotic stage, Ascomycota Basidiomycota | Life cycle with dikaryotic stage, Ascomycota Basidiomycota | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb1.11 Fungi chemical structure chitin ergosterol 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Chitin and ergosterol, Fungi (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| + | Chitin and ergosterol, Fungi | ||
| − | + | [[File:Abb1.25_CHEM_Fungi_Pilze_Stoffwechselwege_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Stoffwechselwege (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | |
| + | [[File:Abb1.26_CHEM_Pilze_Grundbausteine_Naturstoffe_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Grundbausteine (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | ||
==Basidiomycota== | ==Basidiomycota== | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb2.1 Fungi Basidiomycota Agaricomycotina Ustilaginomycotina Pucciniomycotina phylogeny 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Phylogeny Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
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Phylogeny of Basidiomycota | Phylogeny of Basidiomycota | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb2.3 Fungi Basidiomycota clamp development hypha dikaryon 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Development of clamp connection (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | Development of a clamp connection<br/> | |
| − | Development of a clamp connection | + | |
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Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb2.6 Fungi Basidiomycota Basidientypen Holobasidie Phragmobasidie Teleutospore 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of basidia (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
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Types of basidia | Types of basidia | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb2.5 Fungi Basidiomycota basidium basidiospore ballistospore Bullers drop catapult mechanism 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Discharge of ballistospore (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | Discharge of a ballistospore<br/> | |
| − | Discharge of a ballistospore | + | Based on Money (1998), simplified.<br/> |
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| − | Based on Money (1998), simplified. | + | |
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Money, N.P. 1998. More g’s than the space shuttle: ballistospore discharge. Mycologia 90: 547-558. | Money, N.P. 1998. More g’s than the space shuttle: ballistospore discharge. Mycologia 90: 547-558. | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb2.81 Fungi Basidiomycota jelly fungi basidiospores germination Heterobasidiomycetes 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Development starting from a basidiospore (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| + | Development starting from a basidiospore<br/> | ||
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| + | [[File:Abb2.7 Fungi septal pore Woronin body dolipore parenthesome 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Pores in septa of hyphae of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | ||
Pores in septa of hyphae of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota | Pores in septa of hyphae of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb2.8 Fungi Basidiomycota Agaricomycotina life cycle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle Basidiomycota basidium (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | Life cycle of Basidiomycota, basidium<br/> | |
| − | Life cycle of Basidiomycota, basidium | + | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/> |
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| − | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis | + | |
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Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb2.9_Pilze_Fungi_Basidiomycota_Fruchtkörper_Basidiomata_agaricoid_polyporoid_hydnoid_corticioid_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of fruiting bodies, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | Types of fruiting bodies, Basidiomycota<br/> | |
| − | Types of fruiting bodies, Basidiomycota | + | |
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Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission. | Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission. | ||
| − | [[File:03 02 02 concepts of Agaricales and Polyporales, Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Concepts of Agaricales and Polyporales, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | + | [[File:03 02 02 concepts of Agaricales and Polyporales, Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Concepts of Agaricales and Polyporales, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)('''Old version''')]] |
| − | + | ('''Old version''') | |
| − | Concepts of Agaricales and Polyporales, Basidiomycota | + | Concepts of Agaricales and Polyporales, Basidiomycota |
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| + | [[File:Abb2.15 Fungi Basidiomycota Agaricales basidioma lamellae stipe 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Connections of a lamella to the stipe, Agaricales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | ||
Connections of a lamella to the stipe, Agaricales Basidiomycota | Connections of a lamella to the stipe, Agaricales Basidiomycota | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb2.17 Fungi Basidiomycota Agaricales Amanita angiocarpic 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Hemiangiocarpic fruiting body, Agaricales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | Hemiangiocarpic fruiting body of ''Amanita'' sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota<br/> | |
| − | Hemiangiocarpic fruiting body of ''Amanita'' sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota | + | |
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Modified after diagrams by Yang Zhu-Liang; with permission. | Modified after diagrams by Yang Zhu-Liang; with permission. | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb2.21 Fungi Basidiomycota Agaricales life cycle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle of Agaricus sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | Life cycle of ''Agaricus'' sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota<br/> | |
| − | Life cycle of ''Agaricus'' sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota | + | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/> |
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| − | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis | + | |
| − | + | ||
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb2.35 Fungi Basidiomycota Agaricales leaf-cutting leafcutter ants Attamyces bromatium gongylidium 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 2b leaf-cutting ants, bromatium, Agaricales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
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Bromatium of leaf-cutting ants, asexual stage of Agaricales Basidiomycota | Bromatium of leaf-cutting ants, asexual stage of Agaricales Basidiomycota | ||
| − | [[File:03 02 10 c 2c leaf-cutting ants, parasite Escovopsis weberi, conidiophore with conidia, Agaricales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 2c leaf-cutting ants, parasite Escovopsis weberi, conidiophore with conidia, Agaricales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | + | [[File:03 02 10 c 2c leaf-cutting ants, parasite Escovopsis weberi, conidiophore with conidia, Agaricales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 2c leaf-cutting ants, parasite Escovopsis weberi, conidiophore with conidia, Agaricales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)('''Old version''')]] |
| + | ('''Old version''') | ||
| + | ''Escovopsis weberi'', parasite of the fungus cultivated by leaf-cutting ants, conidiophore with conidia, asexual form of Hypocreales, Ascomycota | ||
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| + | [[File:Abb2.32 Fungi Basidiomycota Agaricales Termitomyces termite mound fungal garden termite fungi mycotete 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 2e termite nest, Termitomyces sp., Termitosphaera sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | ||
| + | Termite nest, ''Termitomyces'' sp., ''Termitosphaera'' sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota<br/> | ||
| + | Diagram on the left hand side based on Heim (1977) and Buyck (1994).<br/> | ||
| + | Buyck, B. 1994. Ubwoba: les champignons comestibles de l'Ouest du Burundi. Publ. Agric. 34.<br/> | ||
| + | Heim, R. 1977. Termites et champignons. Les champignons termitophiles d´Afrique Noire et d´Asie méridionale. Société Nouvelle des Éditions Boubée, Paris.<br/> | ||
| + | Drawing on the right hand side based on a drawing by Roland Kirschner, used with permission.<br/> | ||
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| + | [[File:03 02 10 c 4b hyphae with conidia of Moniliophthora roreri, Agaricales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 4b hyphae with conidia of Moniliophthora roreri, Agaricales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)('''Old version''')]] | ||
| + | ('''Old version''') | ||
Hyphae with conidia of ''Moniliophthora roreri'', asexual stage of Agaricales Basidiomycota | Hyphae with conidia of ''Moniliophthora roreri'', asexual stage of Agaricales Basidiomycota | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb1.4 ectomycorrhiza schematical macroscopic Boletales Tuber 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 5a ectomycorrhizae in their habitat, Boletales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | Ectomycorrhizae in their habitat, Boletales Basidiomycota (left hand side) and Tuberales Ascomycota (right hand side)<br/> | |
| − | Ectomycorrhizae in their habitat, Boletales Basidiomycota (left hand side) and Tuberales Ascomycota (right hand side) | + | |
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In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke. | In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke. | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb2.41 ectomycorrhiza root section microscopic hyphal sheath Hartig net 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 5b ectomycorrhiza anatomy, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | Ectomycorrhiza anatomy, Basidiomycota<br/> | |
| − | Ectomycorrhiza anatomy, Basidiomycota | + | |
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In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke. | In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke. | ||
| + | [[File:Abb2.142_Pilze_Fungi_Basidiomycota_Pucciniales_Tranzschelsche_Regel_korrelierte_Arten_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|(diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | ||
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| + | [[File:Abb5.12 mycorrhiza mycoheterotrophy Monotropa Cryptothallus mirabilis Voyria Glomus Tulasnella Tricholoma 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 6b Monotropa uniflora, mycoheterotrophic (erroneously called saprotrophic) plant with its fungus in the habitat (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | ||
| + | ''Monotropa uniflora'', mycoheterotrophic (erroneously called saprotrophic) plant with its fungus in the habitat<br/> | ||
In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke. | In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke. | ||
| − | [[File:03 02 14 types of hymenophores of Polyporales, Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of hymenophores of Polyporales, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | + | [[File:03 02 14 types of hymenophores of Polyporales, Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of hymenophores of Polyporales, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)('''Old version''')]] |
| + | ('''Old version''') Types of hymenophores of Polyporales, Basidiomycota | ||
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| + | [[File:Abb2.51 Fungi Basidiomycota Polyporales skeletal hypha 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Skeletal hyphae of Lentinus sp., Polyporales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | ||
Skeletal hyphae of ''Lentinus'' sp., Polyporales Basidiomycota | Skeletal hyphae of ''Lentinus'' sp., Polyporales Basidiomycota | ||
| + | [[File:Abb2.58_Orchideenmykorrhiza_Wurzel_quer_mikroskopisch_Hyphenknäul_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|(diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | ||
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| − | Hypha with conidia of ''Allescheriella crocea'', asexual form of Basidiomycota | + | [[File:03 02 20 hypha with conidia of Allescheriella crocea, asexual form of Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Hypha with conidia of Allescheriella crocea, asexual form of Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)('''Old version''')]] |
| + | ('''Old version''') Hypha with conidia of ''Allescheriella crocea'', asexual form of Basidiomycota | ||
| + | [[File:Abb2.6_Fungi_Basidiomycota_Basidientypen_Holobasidie_Phragmobasidie_Teleutospore_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|(diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | ||
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| + | [[File:Abb2.66 Fungi Basidiomycota gasteromycetation secotioid gasteroid hypogeous truffle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of fruiting bodies of gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | ||
| + | [[File:Abb2.69 Fungi Basidiomycota Agaricales gasteroid fruiting body Bovista Lycoperdon Tulostoma Cyathus 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px]] | ||
Types of fruiting bodies of gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota | Types of fruiting bodies of gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb2.67 Fungi Basidiomycota Gasteromycetes belly fung basidia Lycoperdon Rhizopogon Scleroderma Clathrus 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of basidia of gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
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Types of basidia of gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota | Types of basidia of gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb2.79 Fungi Basidiomycota Geastrales Geastrum fruiting body forniculate Sphaerobolus 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies of Geastraceae, gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
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Fruiting bodies of Geastraceae, gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota | Fruiting bodies of Geastraceae, gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb2.75_Pilze_Fungi_Basidiomycota_Phallales_Fruchtkörper_Phallus_Clathrus_Staheliomyces_Laternea_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies of Phallales, gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
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Fruiting bodies of Phallales, gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota | Fruiting bodies of Phallales, gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota | ||
| + | [[File:Abb2.8_Pilze_Fungi_Basidiomycota_Agaricomycotina_Entwicklungsgang_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|(diagram by M. Pipenbring)]] | ||
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| + | [[File:Abb2.83_Pilze_Fungi_Basidiomycota_Auriculariales_Tremellales_Basidien_Septenporen_Systematik_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Classification of Auriculariales and Tremellales, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | ||
Classification of Auriculariales and Tremellales, Basidiomycota | Classification of Auriculariales and Tremellales, Basidiomycota | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb2.85 Fungi Basidiomycota Auriculariales Exidiopsis basidia 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Hymenium with basidium and basidiospores of Exidiopsis basidia, Auriculariales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| + | Hymenium with basidium and basidiospores of ''Exidiopsis basidia'', Auriculariales Basidiomycota | ||
| − | + | [[File:Abb3.100_Pilze_Fungi_Ascomycota_Laboulbeniales_Entwicklungsgang_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|(diagrams by M. Pipenbring)]] | |
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| − | [[File: | + | |
| + | [[File:Abb2.101 Fungi Basidiomycota Ustilaginomycotina smut fungi phylogeny 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Phylogeny of smut fungi (black, bold) and closely related groups, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | ||
Phylogeny of smut fungi (black, bold) and closely related groups, Basidiomycota | Phylogeny of smut fungi (black, bold) and closely related groups, Basidiomycota | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb2.105 Fungi Basidiomycota smut fungi Ustilaginales Tilletia Mycosyrinx Entyloma basidium 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Basidia of smut fungi, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
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Basidia of smut fungi, Basidiomycota | Basidia of smut fungi, Basidiomycota | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb2.102 Fungi Basidiomycota smut fungi Ustilaginales Tilletiales Microbotryales sorus sori teliospore 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Sori of smut fungi, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
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Sori of smut fungi, Basidiomycota | Sori of smut fungi, Basidiomycota | ||
| + | [[File:Abb2.103_Pilze_Fungi_Brandpilze_Ustilaginales_Tilletia_Entyloma_Urocystis_Mycosyrinx_Brandsporen_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|(diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | ||
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| + | [[File:Abb2.108_Pilze_Fungi_Basidiomycota_Ustilaginales_Ustilago_maydis_Maisbeulenbrand_Entwicklungsgang_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle of Ustilago maydis on corn, Ustilaginales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | ||
| + | Life cycle of ''Ustilago maydis'' on corn, Ustilaginales Basidiomycota<br/> | ||
| + | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/> | ||
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb2.110 Fungi Basidiomycota Tilletiales Tilletia bunt life cycle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle of Tilletia ayresii on Panicum maximum, Tilletiales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | Life cycle of ''Tilletia ayresii'' on ''Panicum maximum'', Tilletiales Basidiomycota<br/> | |
| − | Life cycle of ''Tilletia ayresii'' on ''Panicum maximum'', Tilletiales Basidiomycota | + | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/> |
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| − | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis | + | |
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Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb2.114 Fungi Basidiomycota Doassansiales Doassansia sagittariae teliospore ball 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Teliospore ball of Doassansia sagittariae in a leaf, Doassansiales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| + | Teliospore ball of ''Doassansia sagittariae'' in a leaf, Doassansiales Basidiomycota | ||
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| + | [[File:Abb2.116 Fungi Basidiomycota Entylomatales Entyloma in leaf teliospores basidium 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Teliospores, a basidium, and dikaryotic cells of Entyloma sp. in a leaf, Entylomatales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | ||
Teliospores, a basidium, and dikaryotic cells of ''Entyloma'' sp. in a leaf, Entylomatales Basidiomycota | Teliospores, a basidium, and dikaryotic cells of ''Entyloma'' sp. in a leaf, Entylomatales Basidiomycota | ||
| + | [[File:Abb2.118_Pilze_Fungi_Basidiomycota_Exobasidiales_Exobasidium_auf_Ericaceae_Entwicklungsgang_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|(diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | ||
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| + | [[File:Abb2.121 Fungi Basidiomycota Exobasidiales Graphiolaceae Graphiola on Arecaceae sorus elaters basidia 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting body with elaters and basidia of Graphiola spp., Exobasidiales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | ||
Fruiting body with elaters and basidia of ''Graphiola'' spp., Exobasidiales Basidiomycota | Fruiting body with elaters and basidia of ''Graphiola'' spp., Exobasidiales Basidiomycota | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb2.122 Fungi Basidiomycota Exobasidiales Graphiolaceae Graphiola on Arecaceae life cycle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle of Graphiola phoenicis, Exobasidiales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | Life cycle of ''Graphiola phoenicis'', Exobasidiales Basidiomycota<br/> | |
| − | Life cycle of ''Graphiola phoenicis'', Exobasidiales Basidiomycota | + | Based on Cole (1983) and Oberwinkler et al. (1982).<br/> |
| − | + | Cole, G.T. 1983. ''Graphiola phoenicis'': a taxonomic enigma. Mycologia 75: 93-116. <br/> | |
| − | Based on Cole (1983) and Oberwinkler et al. (1982). | + | Oberwinkler, F., R.J. Bandoni, P. Blanz, G. Deml & L. Kisimova-Horovitz. 1982. Graphiolales: Basidiomycetes parasitic on palms. Pl. Syst. Evol. 140: 251-277.<br/> |
| − | + | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/> | |
| − | Cole, G.T. 1983. ''Graphiola phoenicis'': a taxonomic enigma. Mycologia 75: 93-116. | + | |
| − | + | ||
| − | Oberwinkler, F., R.J. Bandoni, P. Blanz, G. Deml & L. Kisimova-Horovitz. 1982. Graphiolales: Basidiomycetes parasitic on palms. Pl. Syst. Evol. 140: 251-277. | + | |
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| − | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis | + | |
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Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb2.137 Fungi Basidiomycota Pucciniales rusts teliospores diversity 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Teliospores of rust fungi, Pucciniales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
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Teliospores of rust fungi, Pucciniales Basidiomycota | Teliospores of rust fungi, Pucciniales Basidiomycota | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb2.138 Fungi Basidiomycota Pucciniales Cionothrix praelonga teliospores in column basidia 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Column of germinating teliospores of Cionothrix praelonga, Pucciniales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
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Column of germinating teliospores of ''Cionothrix praelonga'', Pucciniales Basidiomycota | Column of germinating teliospores of ''Cionothrix praelonga'', Pucciniales Basidiomycota | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb2.140 Fungi Basidiomycota Pucciniales Puccinia graminis on Berberis Poaceae life cycle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle of Puccinia graminis on a grass, Pucciniales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| + | Life cycle of ''Puccinia graminis'' on a grass, Pucciniales Basidiomycota<br/> | ||
| + | Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.<br/> | ||
| + | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/> | ||
| + | Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.<br/> | ||
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| + | [[File:Abb2.144 Fungi Basidiomycota Septobasidiales Septobasidium scale insects life cycle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle of Septobasidium sp. on scale insects on bark of a living tree, Septobasidiales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | ||
Life cycle of ''Septobasidium'' sp. on scale insects on bark of a living tree, Septobasidiales Basidiomycota | Life cycle of ''Septobasidium'' sp. on scale insects on bark of a living tree, Septobasidiales Basidiomycota | ||
| − | [[File:03 04 10 fruiting body with basidia of Atractiella delectans, Atractiellales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting body with basidia of Atractiella delectans, Atractiellales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | + | [[File:03 04 10 fruiting body with basidia of Atractiella delectans, Atractiellales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting body with basidia of Atractiella delectans, Atractiellales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)('''Old version''')]] |
| − | + | ('''Old version''') Fruiting body with basidia of ''Atractiella delectans'', Atractiellales Basidiomycota | |
| − | Fruiting body with basidia of ''Atractiella delectans'', Atractiellales Basidiomycota | + | |
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| + | [[File:03 04 11 hypha with a conidiogenous cell and a conidium of Hobsonia mirabilis, asexual Atractiellales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Hypha with a conidiogenous cell and a conidium of Hobsonia mirabilis, asexual Atractiellales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)('''Old version''')]] | ||
| + | ('''Old version''') | ||
Hypha with a conidiogenous cell and a conidium of ''Hobsonia mirabilis'', asexual form of Atractiellales Basidiomycota | Hypha with a conidiogenous cell and a conidium of ''Hobsonia mirabilis'', asexual form of Atractiellales Basidiomycota | ||
==Ascomycota== | ==Ascomycota== | ||
| − | + | [[File:Abb3.1 Fungi Ascomycota Taphrinomycotina Saccharomycotina Pezizomycotina phylogeny 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Phylogeny subphyla of Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | |
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Phylogeny, subphyla of Ascomycota | Phylogeny, subphyla of Ascomycota | ||
| − | [[File:04 01 02 life cycle Ascomycota, ascus (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle Ascomycota, ascus (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | + | [[File:04 01 02 life cycle Ascomycota, ascus (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle Ascomycota, ascus (diagram by M. Piepenbring)('''Old version''')]] |
| + | ('''Old version''') Life cycle of Ascomycota, ascus<br/> | ||
| + | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/> | ||
| + | Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.<br/> | ||
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| + | [[File:Abb3.8_asexuelle_Pilze_Fungi_Imperfecti_Formgruppen_Hyphomyceten_Coelomyceten_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Morphological groups, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | ||
Morphological groups, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi | Morphological groups, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb3.10 Fungi Ascomycota Fungi Imperfecti conidia types 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of conidia, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
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Types of conidia, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi | Types of conidia, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb3.12 Fungi Ascomycota Fungi Imperfecti conidiogenous loci monoblastic polyblastic sympodial tretic 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of conidiogenesis, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
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Types of conidiogenesis, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi | Types of conidiogenesis, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb3.9 Fungi Ascomycota Ingoldian hyphomycetes conidia aquatic fungi 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Conidia, Ingoldian Hyphomycetes, staurospores, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
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Conidia, Ingoldian Hyphomycetes, staurospores, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi | Conidia, Ingoldian Hyphomycetes, staurospores, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi | ||
| + | [[File:Abb3.95_Pilze_Fungi_Ascomycota_Microascales_Chalara_Collarette_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|(diagram by M. Pipenbring)]] | ||
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| + | [[File:Abb3.2_Pilze_Fungi_Ascomycota_Pezizomycotina_Stammbaum_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Phylogeny, Pezizomycotina (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | ||
Phylogeny of Pezizomycotina | Phylogeny of Pezizomycotina | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb3.3 Fungi Ascomcoyta fruiting body apothecium perithecium cleistothecium pseudothecium chasmothecium 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
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Fruiting bodies of Ascomycota | Fruiting bodies of Ascomycota | ||
| − | [[File:04 03 03 stilboid fungus, Helotiales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Stilboid fungus, Helotiales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | + | [[File:04 03 03 stilboid fungus, Helotiales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Stilboid fungus, Helotiales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)('''Old version''')]] |
| + | ('''Old version''') Stilboid fungus, Helotiales, Ascomycota | ||
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| + | [[File:Abb3.4 Fungi Ascomycota ascus asci prototunicate operculate bitunicate inoperculate 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of asci, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | ||
Types of asci, Ascomycota | Types of asci, Ascomycota | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb3.5 Fungi Ascomycota morphological groups unitunicate bitunicate ascohymenial ascolocular 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Morphological groups, orders, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | Morphological groups, orders, Ascomycota<br/> | |
| − | Morphological groups, orders, Ascomycota | + | |
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Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission. | Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission. | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb3.6_Pilze_Fungi_Ascomycota_Ascosporen_Vielfalt_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Ascospores, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
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Ascospores, Ascomycota | Ascospores, Ascomycota | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb3.7 Fungi Ascomycota Pezizales life cycle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Pezizales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | Life cycle of Pezizales, Ascomycota<br/> | |
| − | Life cycle of Pezizales, Ascomycota | + | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/> |
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| − | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis | + | |
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Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb3.15 Fungi Ascomycota Pezizales fruiting bodies ascomata morphological series 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Pezizales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | Fruiting bodies of Pezizales, Ascomycota<br/> | |
| − | Fruiting bodies of Pezizales, Ascomycota | + | |
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Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission. | Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission. | ||
| + | [[File:Abb3.16_Chromelosporum_fulvum_Z_en_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|(diagram by M. Pipenbring)]] | ||
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| + | [[File:Abb3.20 Fungi Ascomycota Orbiliales Arthrobotrys oligospora 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Arthrobotrys superba, asexual, nematode trapping, Orbiliales, Ascomycota (R. Kirschner) (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | ||
''Arthrobotrys superba'', asexual, nematode trapping, Orbiliales, Ascomycota (drawing by R. Kirschner) | ''Arthrobotrys superba'', asexual, nematode trapping, Orbiliales, Ascomycota (drawing by R. Kirschner) | ||
| + | [[File:Abb3.25_Botrytis_Z_en_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|(diagram by M. Pipenbring)]] | ||
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| + | [[File:Abb3.26_Pilze_Fungi_Ascomycota_Helotiales_Fruchtkörper_Ascomata_Vielfalt_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Helotiales, Leotiales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | ||
| + | Fruiting bodies, Helotiales, Leotiales, Ascomycota<br/> | ||
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission. | Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission. | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb3.34 Fungi Ascomycota Rhytismatales fruiting bodies ascomata diversity 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Rhytismatales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
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Fruiting bodies, Rhytismatales, Ascomycota | Fruiting bodies, Rhytismatales, Ascomycota | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb3.36 Fungi Ascomycota Rhytismatales Rhytisma acerinum life cycle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Rhytisma acerinum, Rhytismatales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | Life cycle of ''Rhytisma acerinum'' with its asexual form ''Melasmia acerina'', Rhytismatales, Ascomycota<br/> | |
| − | Life cycle of ''Rhytisma acerinum'' with its asexual form ''Melasmia acerina'', Rhytismatales, Ascomycota | + | |
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Modified after unpublished diagrams by Hou Cheng-Lin; with permission. | Modified after unpublished diagrams by Hou Cheng-Lin; with permission. | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb3.39 Fungi Ascomycota Erysiphales Brasiliomyces chasmothecium 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Brasiliomyces chasmothecium, chasmothecium, Erysiphales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| + | ''Brasiliomyces chasmothecium'', chasmothecium, Erysiphales, Ascomycota | ||
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| + | [[File:Abb3.44 Fungi Ascomycota Erysiphales life cycle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Erysiphales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | ||
| + | Life cycle of Erysiphales with its asexual form ''Oidium'' sp., Ascomycota<br/> | ||
| + | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/> | ||
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb3.48 Fungi Ascomycota Eurotiales Aspergillus Penicillium conidiophores vesicle metulae 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Conidiophores, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Eurotiales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
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Conidiophores of ''Aspergillus'' sp., ''Penicillium'' sp., Eurotiales, Ascomycota | Conidiophores of ''Aspergillus'' sp., ''Penicillium'' sp., Eurotiales, Ascomycota | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb3.58_Pilze_Fungi_Ascomycota_Sordariales_Neurospora_Entwicklungsgang_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Neurospora sp., Sordariales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | Life cycle of ''Neurospora'' sp. with its asexual form ''Chrysonilia'' sp., Sordariales, Ascomycota<br/> | |
| − | Life cycle of ''Neurospora'' sp. with its asexual form ''Chrysonilia'' sp., Sordariales, Ascomycota | + | Based on Webster & Weber (2007), simplified.<br/> |
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| − | Based on Webster & Weber (2007), simplified. | + | |
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Webster, J. & R.W.S. Weber. 2007. Introduction to fungi. Cambridge University Press. | Webster, J. & R.W.S. Weber. 2007. Introduction to fungi. Cambridge University Press. | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb3.59 Fungi Ascomycota Hypocreales Clavicipitales Clavicipitaceae phylogeny 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Classification Hypocreales, Clavicipitales, Clavicipitaceae, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
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Classification of Hypocreales, Clavicipitales, Clavicipitaceae, Ascomycota | Classification of Hypocreales, Clavicipitales, Clavicipitaceae, Ascomycota | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb3.61 Fungi Ascomycota Hypocreales Nectria Hypomyces Hypocrea fruiting bodies diversity 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Hypocreales (without Clavicipitaceae), Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | Fruiting bodies of Hypocreales (without Clavicipitaceae), Ascomycota<br/> | |
| − | Fruiting bodies of Hypocreales (without Clavicipitaceae), Ascomycota | + | |
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Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission. | Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission. | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb3.63_Pilze_Fungi_Ascomycota_Hypocreales_Trichoderma_Hypocrea_Entwicklungsgang_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Hypocrea sp., Hypocreales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | Life cycle of ''Hypocrea'' sp. with its asexual form ''Trichoderma'' sp., Hypocreales, Ascomycota<br/> | |
| − | Life cycle of ''Hypocrea'' sp. with its asexual form ''Trichoderma'' sp., Hypocreales, Ascomycota | + | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/> |
| − | + | ||
| − | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis | + | |
| − | + | ||
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb3.73 Fungi Ascomycota Hypocreales Clavicipitaceae Claviceps Balansia Cordyceps Myriogenospora 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
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Fruiting bodies of Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota | Fruiting bodies of Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb3.75 Fungi Ascomycota Hypocreales Clavicipitaceae Claviceps purpurea life cycle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Claviceps purpurea, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | Life cycle of ''Claviceps purpurea'' with its asexual form ''Sphacelia'' sp., Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota<br/> | |
| − | Life cycle of ''Claviceps purpurea'' with its asexual form ''Sphacelia'' sp., Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota | + | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/> |
| − | + | ||
| − | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis | + | |
| − | + | ||
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb3.70 Fungi Ascomycota Hypocreales entomopathogenic Torrubiella fungus gall Cecidomyiidae 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 16b fungi hyperparasitic on insects on plants, Hypocreales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
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Fungi hyperparasitic on insects on plants, Hypocreales, Ascomycota | Fungi hyperparasitic on insects on plants, Hypocreales, Ascomycota | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb3.78_Pilze_Fungi_Ascomycota_Xylariales_Fruchtkörper_morphologische_Reihe_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Xylariales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | Fruiting bodies of Xylariales, Ascomycota<br/> | |
| − | Fruiting bodies of Xylariales, Ascomycota | + | |
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Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission. | Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission. | ||
| − | [[File:04 03 36 fruiting bodies, Xylariales, Boliniales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Xylariales, Boliniales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | + | [[File:04 03 36 fruiting bodies, Xylariales, Boliniales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Xylariales, Boliniales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)('''Old version''')]] |
| + | ('''Old version''') Fruiting bodies of Xylariales, Boliniales, Ascomycota | ||
| − | |||
| + | [[File:04 03 37 fruiting bodies, ascospores, asexual forms, Xylariales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, ascospores, asexual forms, Xylariales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)('''Old version''')]] | ||
| + | ('''Old version''') Fruiting bodies, ascospores, asexual forms, Xylariales, Ascomycota | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| + | [[File:Abb3.86 Fungi Ascomycota Meliolales fruiting bodies Meliola Appendiculella Asteridiella Irenopsis Amazonia 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Meliolales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | ||
Fruiting bodies of Meliolales, Ascomycota | Fruiting bodies of Meliolales, Ascomycota | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb3.87 Fungi Ascomycota Meliolales life cycle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Meliolales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | Life cycle of Meliolales, Ascomycota<br/> | |
| − | Life cycle of Meliolales, Ascomycota | + | Based on Rodríguez Justavino (2006).<br/> |
| − | + | Rodríguez Justavino, D. 2006. Meliolaceae aus Panama. Ph.D. thesis, University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany.<br/> | |
| − | Based on Rodríguez Justavino (2006). | + | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/> |
| − | + | ||
| − | Rodríguez Justavino, D. 2006. Meliolaceae aus Panama. Ph.D. thesis, University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany. | + | |
| − | + | ||
| − | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis | + | |
| − | + | ||
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb3.89 Fungi Ascomycota Phyllachorales Phyllachora Coccodiella Camarotella Ophiodothella Trabutia 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Phyllachorales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | Fruiting bodies of Phyllachorales, Ascomycota<br/> | |
| − | Fruiting bodies of Phyllachorales, Ascomycota | + | |
| − | + | ||
In collaboration with Tanja Trampe. | In collaboration with Tanja Trampe. | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb3.90 Fungi Ascomycota Phyllachorales life cycle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Phyllachorales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | Life cycle of Phyllachorales, Ascomycota<br/> | |
| − | Life cycle of Phyllachorales, Ascomycota | + | Based on Trampe (2009).<br/> |
| − | + | Trampe, T. 2009. Neotropical tarspot fungi – exploration of Phyllachorales in Panama. Ph.D. thesis, University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany.<br/> | |
| − | Based on Trampe (2009). | + | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/> |
| − | + | ||
| − | Trampe, T. 2009. Neotropical tarspot fungi – exploration of Phyllachorales in Panama. Ph.D. thesis, University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany. | + | |
| − | + | ||
| − | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis | + | |
| − | + | ||
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | ||
| − | [[File:04 03 45 fruiting bodies, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | + | [[File:04 03 45 fruiting bodies, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)('''Old version''')]] |
| + | ('''Old version''') Fruiting bodies of Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota | ||
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| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| + | [[File:04 03 46 types of hamathecia, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of hamathecia, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)('''Old version''')]] | ||
| + | ('''Old version''') Types of hamathecia, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota<br/> | ||
| + | Based on Eriksson (1981).<br/> | ||
Eriksson, O. 1981. The families of bitunicate ascomycetes. Opera Botanica 60: 1-209. | Eriksson, O. 1981. The families of bitunicate ascomycetes. Opera Botanica 60: 1-209. | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb3.104 Ascomycota Dothideomycetes Capnodiales cercosporoid fungi Ramularia Cercospora Cladosporium 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Asexual forms, Mycosphaerella, Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | ||
Asexual forms, ''Mycosphaerella'', Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota | Asexual forms, ''Mycosphaerella'', Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb3.105 Ascomycota Dothideomycetes Capnodiales Mycosphaerella Ramularia life cycle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Mycosphaerella, Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | Life cycle of ''Mycosphaerella'' sp. with its asexual form ''Ramularia'' sp., Capnodiales, Ascomycota<br/> | |
| − | Life cycle of ''Mycosphaerella'' sp. with its asexual form '' | + | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/> |
| − | + | ||
| − | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis | + | |
| − | + | ||
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | ||
| − | [[File:04 03 50 fruiting body, ascus, ascospore, Myriangium sp., Myriangiales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting body, ascus, ascospore, Myriangium sp., Myriangiales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | + | [[File:04 03 50 fruiting body, ascus, ascospore, Myriangium sp., Myriangiales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting body, ascus, ascospore, Myriangium sp., Myriangiales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)('''Old version''')]] |
| + | ('''Old version''') Fruiting body, ascus, ascospore, ''Myriangium'' sp., Myriangiales, Ascomycota | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| + | [[File:Abb3.109 Ascomycota Pleosporales Hyphomycetes Alternaria Stemphylium Helminthosporium Cuvularia Bipolaris 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Asexual forms, Hyphomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | ||
Asexual forms, Hyphomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota | Asexual forms, Hyphomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb3.110 Ascomycota Dothideomycetes Pleosporales Coelomycetes Ascochyta Phoma Septoria 2021 en(M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Asexual forms, Coelomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | ||
Asexual forms, Coelomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota | Asexual forms, Coelomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota | ||
| + | [[File:Abb3.112_Ascomycota_Dothideomycetes_Pleosporales_Pleospora_Stemphylium_Entwicklungsgang_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|(diagram by M. Pipenbring)]] | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb3.116 Ascomycota Dothideomycetes Thyriothecien Asterinaceae Microthyriales Scutellum 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Asterinaceae, Microthyriales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | Fruiting bodies, Asterinaceae, Microthyriales, Ascomycota<br/> | |
| − | Fruiting bodies, Asterinaceae, Microthyriales, Ascomycota | + | Based on Hofmann (2009).<br/> |
| − | + | ||
| − | Based on Hofmann (2009). | + | |
| − | + | ||
Hofmann, T.A. 2009. Plant parasitic Asterinaceae and Microthyriaceae from the Neotropics (Panama). Ph.D. thesis, University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany. | Hofmann, T.A. 2009. Plant parasitic Asterinaceae and Microthyriaceae from the Neotropics (Panama). Ph.D. thesis, University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany. | ||
| + | [[File:Abb3.118_Ascomycota_Dothideomycetes_Asterinales_Asterina_Asterinella_Entwicklungsgang_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|(diagrams by M. Pipenbring)]] | ||
| − | |||
| − | Poliferation of ascogenous hypha, ascus, Ascomycota | + | [[File:04 03 57 c 18a proliferation of ascogenous hyphae, normal development, ascus, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 18a proliferation of ascogenous hyphae, normal development, ascus, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)('''Old version''')]] |
| + | ('''Old version''') Poliferation of ascogenous hypha, ascus, Ascomycota | ||
| − | [[File:04 03 58 fruiting body, Antoniomyces loranthicola, Parmulariaceae, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting body, Antoniomyces loranthicola, Parmulariaceae, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | + | [[File:04 03 58 fruiting body, Antoniomyces loranthicola, Parmulariaceae, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting body, Antoniomyces loranthicola, Parmulariaceae, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)('''Old version''')]] |
| − | + | ('''Old version''') Fruiting body, ''Antoniomyces loranthicola'', Parmulariaceae, Ascomycota <br/> | |
| − | Fruiting body, ''Antoniomyces loranthicola'', Parmulariaceae, Ascomycota | + | Based on Inácio et al. (2012).<br/> |
| − | + | ||
| − | Based on Inácio et al. (2012). | + | |
| − | + | ||
Inácio, C., K. Araúz & M. Piepenbring. 2012. A new genus of Parmulariaceae from Panama. Mycological Progress (published online 2011) | Inácio, C., K. Araúz & M. Piepenbring. 2012. A new genus of Parmulariaceae from Panama. Mycological Progress (published online 2011) | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb3.100 Fungi Ascomycota Laboulbeniales life cycle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Laboulbenia sp., Laboulbeniales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | Life cycle of ''Laboulbenia'' sp., Laboulbeniales, Ascomycota<br/> | |
| − | Life cycle of ''Laboulbenia'' sp., Laboulbeniales, Ascomycota | + | Based on Scheloske (1969).<br/> |
| − | + | Scheloske, H.-W. 1969. Beiträge zur Biologie, Ökologie und Systematik der Laboulbeniales (Ascomycetes). Parasitologische Schriftenreihe 19: 1-176.<br/> | |
| − | Based on Scheloske (1969). | + | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/> |
| − | + | ||
| − | Scheloske, H.-W. 1969. Beiträge zur Biologie, Ökologie und Systematik der Laboulbeniales (Ascomycetes). Parasitologische Schriftenreihe 19: 1-176. | + | |
| − | + | ||
| − | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis | + | |
| − | + | ||
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb3.120 Basidiomycota Ascomycota Hefen Systematik 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Systematic groups including yeasts (written in red), Ascomycota, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | ||
Systematic groups including yeasts (written in red), Ascomycota, Basidiomycota | Systematic groups including yeasts (written in red), Ascomycota, Basidiomycota | ||
| + | [[File:Abb3.121_Ascomycota_Saccaromycetales_Hefen_zelluläre_Strukturen_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|(diagramm by M. Pipenbring)]] | ||
| − | |||
| − | Life cycles of yeasts, Saccharomycetales, Schizosaccharomycetales, Ascomycota | + | [[File:Abb3.123 Ascomycota Saccharomycetales Saccharomyces Entwicklungsgang diplohaplontisch haplontisch 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycles of yeasts, Saccharomycetales, Schizosaccharomycetales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| + | [[File:Abb3.130 Ascomycota Schizosaccharomycetales Schizosaccharomyces pombe S. octosporus Entwicklungsgang haplontisch 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px]] | ||
| + | Life cycles of yeasts, Saccharomycetales, Schizosaccharomycetales, Ascomycota<br/> | ||
| + | Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.<br/> | ||
| + | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/> | ||
| + | Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.<br/> | ||
| − | |||
| − | + | [[File:Abb3.129_Ascomycota_Taphrinales__Taphrina_deformans_Entwicklungsgang_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Taphrina deformans, Taphrinales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | |
| − | + | Life cycle of ''Taphrina deformans'', Taphrinales, Ascomycota<br/> | |
| − | + | Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.<br/> | |
| − | + | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/> | |
| − | + | Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.<br/> | |
| − | [[File: | + | |
| − | + | ||
| − | Life cycle of ''Taphrina deformans'', Taphrinales, Ascomycota | + | |
| − | + | ||
| − | Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission. | + | |
| − | + | ||
| − | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis | + | |
| − | + | ||
| − | Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | + | |
==Lichens== | ==Lichens== | ||
| − | + | [[File:Abb4.1 Lichenes lichens interaction fungus alga Mykobiont Photobiont 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Interactions green alga (green), fungal hypha, lichen, Lichenes (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | |
| − | [[File: | + | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
Interactions, green alga (green), fungal hypha, lichen, Lichenes | Interactions, green alga (green), fungal hypha, lichen, Lichenes | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb4.8_Ascomycota_Ascolichenes_Flechten_Systematik_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Systematic position of lichenized Ascomycota (written in green), Lichenes (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | Systematic position of lichenized Ascomycota (written in green), Lichenes<br/> | |
| − | Systematic position of lichenized Ascomycota (written in green), Lichenes | + | |
| − | + | ||
Phylogenetic position of lichenized species among Ascomycota (simplified). Names written in green indicate groups of lichens. Names written with green and black letters refer to groups which include lichenized and non-lichenized species. | Phylogenetic position of lichenized species among Ascomycota (simplified). Names written in green indicate groups of lichens. Names written with green and black letters refer to groups which include lichenized and non-lichenized species. | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb4.9 Lichenes lichens growth forms 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Growth forms of lichens, Lichenes (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | ||
Growth forms of lichens, Lichenes | Growth forms of lichens, Lichenes | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb4.10 Lichenes lichens thallus anatomy heteromerous homoiomerous 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Anatomy of the thallus, green alga, cyanobacterium, lichen, Lichenes (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | ||
Anatomy of the thallus, green alga, cyanobacterium, lichen, Lichenes | Anatomy of the thallus, green alga, cyanobacterium, lichen, Lichenes | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb4.11_Lichenes_Flechten_Thallusanatomie_Rhizine_Cyphelle_Cephalodium_Isidie_Soral_Soredie_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Anatomy of the thallus, details, lichens, Lichenes (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | [[File:Abb4.12 Lichenes lichen thallus anatomy apothecium thalline epithecium perithecium mazaedium 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px]] | |
Anatomy of the thallus, details, lichens, Lichenes | Anatomy of the thallus, details, lichens, Lichenes | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb4.54_Lichenes_Flechten_Strigula_Ascus_Ascosporen_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Asci and ascospores of lichens, Lichenes (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | [[File:Abb4.48 Lichenes Flechten Arthoniales Asci Ascosporen Arthonia 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px]] | |
Asci and ascospores of lichens, Lichenes | Asci and ascospores of lichens, Lichenes | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[File:Abb4.57_Basidiomycota_Stammbaum_Flechten_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|(diagram by M. Pipenbring)]] | ||
==Glomeromycota== | ==Glomeromycota== | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb5.14 Glomeromycota Glomus chlamydospores 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Chlamydospores and siphonal hyphae of a sporocarp, Glomeromycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | ||
Chlamydospores and siphonal hyphae of a sporocarp, Glomeromycota | Chlamydospores and siphonal hyphae of a sporocarp, Glomeromycota | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb5.10 Glomeromycota arbuscular mycorrhiza arbuscules coil vesicle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 19a arbuscular mycorrhiza, Glomeromycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | Arbuscular mycorrhiza, Glomeromycota<br/> | |
| − | Arbuscular mycorrhiza, Glomeromycota | + | |
| − | + | ||
In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke. | In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke. | ||
| Line 751: | Line 570: | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb5.3 Mucoromycota Mucorales sporangiophores Mucor Absidia Rhizopus Thamnidium Choanephora Pilobolus 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Sporangiophores, sporangia, conidia, liberation of spores, Mucorales, Zygomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | ||
Sporangiophores, sporangia, conidia, liberation of spores, Mucorales, Zygomycota | Sporangiophores, sporangia, conidia, liberation of spores, Mucorales, Zygomycota | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb5.4 Mucoromycota Mucorales zygospores Mucor Absidia Phycomyces Zygorhynchus 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Zygospores, Mucorales, Zygomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | Zygospores of Mucorales, Zygomycota<br/> | |
| − | Zygospores of Mucorales, Zygomycota | + | |
| − | + | ||
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission. | Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission. | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb5.5_Mucoromycota_Mucorales_Entwicklungsgang_Mucor_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Mucor sp., Mucorales, Zygomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | Life cycle of ''Mucor'' sp., Mucorales, Zygomycota<br/> | |
| − | Life cycle of ''Mucor'' sp., Mucorales, Zygomycota | + | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/> |
| − | + | ||
| − | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis | + | |
| − | + | ||
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb5.17 Entomophthoromycota Entomophthorales Conidiobolus conidia 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Conidiogenous cells, conidia, Conidiobolus sp., Zygomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | ||
Conidiogenous cells and conidia of ''Conidiobolus'' sp., Zygomycota | Conidiogenous cells and conidia of ''Conidiobolus'' sp., Zygomycota | ||
==Chytridiomycota== | ==Chytridiomycota== | ||
| − | + | [[File:Abb5.18 Chytridiomycota thalli sporangia holocarpic eucarpic monocentric polycentric 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of thalli, Chytridiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] | |
| − | [[File: | + | |
| − | + | ||
Types of thalli of Chytridiomycota | Types of thalli of Chytridiomycota | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb5.21_Chytridiomycota_Chytridiales_Synchytrium_endobioticum_Entwicklungsgang_Kartoffelkrebs_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Synchytrium endobioticum on potato, Chytridiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | Life cycle of ''Synchytrium endobioticum'' on potato, Chytridiomycota<br/> | |
| − | Life cycle of ''Synchytrium endobioticum'' on potato, Chytridiomycota | + | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/> |
| − | + | ||
| − | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis | + | |
| − | + | ||
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb5.23 Chytridiomycota Rhizophydiales Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis life cycle frogs amphibia 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, asexual, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Chytridiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | Life cycle of ''Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis'', asexual, Chytridiomycota<br/> | |
| − | Life cycle of ''Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis'', asexual, Chytridiomycota | + | Based on Longcore et al. (1999).<br/> |
| − | + | ||
| − | Based on Longcore et al. (1999). | + | |
| − | + | ||
Longcore, J.E., A.P. Pessier & D.K. Nichols. 1999. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis gen. et sp. nov., a chytrid pathogenic to amphibians. Mycologia 91: 219-227. | Longcore, J.E., A.P. Pessier & D.K. Nichols. 1999. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis gen. et sp. nov., a chytrid pathogenic to amphibians. Mycologia 91: 219-227. | ||
| Line 804: | Line 608: | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb6.2 Oomycota phylogeny simplified Peronosporales Albuginales Saprolegniales 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Phylogeny, simplified, Oomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | ||
Phylogeny, simplified, Oomycota | Phylogeny, simplified, Oomycota | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb6.4 Oomycota Saprolegniales sporangia Achlya Saprolegnia Thraustotheca Dictyuchus Aplanes 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Asexual structures, Saprolegniales, Oomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | Asexual structures of Saprolegniales, Oomycota<br/> | |
| − | Asexual structures of Saprolegniales, Oomycota | + | Based on Gäumann (1964).<br/> |
| − | + | ||
| − | Based on Gäumann (1964). | + | |
| − | + | ||
Gäumann, E. 1964. Die Pilze, Grundzüge ihrer Entwicklungsgeschichte und Morphologie, 2nd edition. Birkhäuser, Basel, Stuttgart. | Gäumann, E. 1964. Die Pilze, Grundzüge ihrer Entwicklungsgeschichte und Morphologie, 2nd edition. Birkhäuser, Basel, Stuttgart. | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb6.6_Oomycota_Saprolegniales_Saprolegnia_Entwicklungsgang_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Saprolegnia sp., Saprolegniales, Oomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | ||
Life cycle of ''Saprolegnia'' sp., Saprolegniales, Oomycota | Life cycle of ''Saprolegnia'' sp., Saprolegniales, Oomycota | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb6.12_Oomycota_Peronosporales_Konidiophoren_Bremia_Phytophthora_Pseudoperonospora_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Sporangiophores, Phytophthora, Pseudoperonospora, Peronosporales, Oomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
Sporangiophores of ''Phytophthora infestans'' and ''Pseudoperonospora cubensis'', Peronosporales, Oomycota | Sporangiophores of ''Phytophthora infestans'' and ''Pseudoperonospora cubensis'', Peronosporales, Oomycota | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb6.13_Oomycota_Saprolegniales_Peronosporales_Albuginales_Sporangien_Vergleich_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Asexual structures, Saprolegniales, Albuginales, Peronosporales, Oomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | Asexual structures of Saprolegniales, Albuginales, Peronosporales, Oomycota<br/> | |
| − | Asexual structures of Saprolegniales, Albuginales, Peronosporales, Oomycota | + | |
| − | + | ||
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission. | Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission. | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb6.14 Oomycota Peronosporales Phytophthora infestans life cycle Solanum tuberosum 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Phytophthora infestans on potato, Peronosporales, Oomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| + | Life cycle of ''Phytophthora infestans'' on potato, Peronosporales, Oomycota<br/> | ||
| + | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/> | ||
| + | Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | ||
| − | + | [[File:Abb6.1_Heterokonta_Straminipila_heterokonte_Zoospore_Mastigonema_Peitschengeißel_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|(diagram by M. Pipenbring)]] | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
==Protistean fungi== | ==Protistean fungi== | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb6.15 slime moulds Mycetozoa Myxomycota Myxomycetes Dictyostelea Acrasiales Plasmodiophorales systematics 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Phylogeny, protistean fungi, slime molds, Myxomycota and other groups (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | Phylogeny of protistean fungi, slime molds, Myxomycota and other groups<br/> | |
| − | Phylogeny of protistean fungi, slime molds, Myxomycota and other groups | + | |
| − | + | ||
Groups of mucilaginous fungi classified among protists. For orders, only the mycological names are cited. For classes and divisions, zoological names are cited first, and mycological names are added in quotation marks. | Groups of mucilaginous fungi classified among protists. For orders, only the mycological names are cited. For classes and divisions, zoological names are cited first, and mycological names are added in quotation marks. | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb6.18 plasmodial slime moulds Myxogastrea Echinosteliales Liceales Trichiales Stemonitales Physarales 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Morphological concepts, orders of Myxomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | Morphological concepts, orders of Myxomycota<br/> | |
| − | Morphological concepts, orders of Myxomycota | + | |
| − | + | ||
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission. | Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission. | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb6.19 plasmodial slime moulds Myxogastrea Stemonitis life cycle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Stemonitis sp., Stemonitales, Myxomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | Life cycle of ''Stemonitis'' sp., Stemonitales, Myxomycota<br/> | |
| − | Life cycle of ''Stemonitis'' sp., Stemonitales, Myxomycota | + | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/> |
| − | + | ||
| − | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis | + | |
| − | + | ||
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb6.23 cellular slime moulds Dictyostelea Dictyostelium life cycle asexual 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, asexual, Dictyostelium sp., Dictyosteliales, Myxomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]] |
| − | + | Life cycle of ''Dictyostelium'' sp., asexual, Dictyosteliales, Myxomycota<br/> | |
| − | Life cycle of ''Dictyostelium'' sp., asexual, Dictyosteliales, Myxomycota | + | Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.<br/> |
| − | + | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/> | |
| − | Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission. | + | |
| − | + | ||
| − | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis | + | |
| − | + | ||
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb6.24 cellular slime moulds Dictyostelea Dictyostelium life cycle sexual hypothetic 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, sexual, Dictyostelium sp., Dictyosteliales, Myxomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]<br/> |
| − | + | Life cycle of ''Dictyostelium'' sp., sexual, Dictyosteliales, Myxomycota<br/> | |
| − | Life cycle of ''Dictyostelium'' sp., sexual, Dictyosteliales, Myxomycota | + | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/> |
| − | + | ||
| − | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis | + | |
| − | + | ||
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Abb6.28 Plasmodiophorales Plasmodiophora brassicae life cycle Brassica oleracea clubroot 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Plasmodiophora brassicae in cabbage, Plasmodiophoromycetes (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]<br/> |
| − | + | Life cycle of ''Plasmodiophora brassicae'' in cabbage, Plasmodiophoromycetes<br/> | |
| − | Life cycle of ''Plasmodiophora brassicae'' in cabbage, Plasmodiophoromycetes | + | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/> |
| − | + | ||
| − | Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis | + | |
| − | + | ||
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | ||
Latest revision as of 22:15, 5 September 2022
(These diagrams are also available in Spanish)
Contents
Introduction
These diagrams have been created for teaching of mycology and phytopathology. They are shared here in order to extend our knowledge on fungi, especially those living in the tropics.
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Phylogeny of fungi (names in bold), simplified
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Cellular structures of fungi and algae
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Vegetative development starting from a hypha
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Life cycle, generations and nuclear stages
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
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Types of fertilization
Different types of fertilization. Long, red arrows indicate direction of movement. Short red arrows indicate growth by which compatible cells get in contact with each other and fuse. Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
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(Old version)
Groups of Fungi
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
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(Old version) Divisions of true fungi, Fungi, simplified
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Life cycle with dikaryotic stage, Ascomycota Basidiomycota
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Chitin and ergosterol, Fungi
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Basidiomycota
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Phylogeny of Basidiomycota
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Development of a clamp connection
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
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Types of basidia
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Discharge of a ballistospore
Based on Money (1998), simplified.
Money, N.P. 1998. More g’s than the space shuttle: ballistospore discharge. Mycologia 90: 547-558.
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Development starting from a basidiospore
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Pores in septa of hyphae of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota
Life cycle of Basidiomycota, basidium
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
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Types of fruiting bodies, Basidiomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
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(Old version) Concepts of Agaricales and Polyporales, Basidiomycota
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Connections of a lamella to the stipe, Agaricales Basidiomycota
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Hemiangiocarpic fruiting body of Amanita sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota
Modified after diagrams by Yang Zhu-Liang; with permission.
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Life cycle of Agaricus sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
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Bromatium of leaf-cutting ants, asexual stage of Agaricales Basidiomycota
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(Old version) Escovopsis weberi, parasite of the fungus cultivated by leaf-cutting ants, conidiophore with conidia, asexual form of Hypocreales, Ascomycota
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Termite nest, Termitomyces sp., Termitosphaera sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota
Diagram on the left hand side based on Heim (1977) and Buyck (1994).
Buyck, B. 1994. Ubwoba: les champignons comestibles de l'Ouest du Burundi. Publ. Agric. 34.
Heim, R. 1977. Termites et champignons. Les champignons termitophiles d´Afrique Noire et d´Asie méridionale. Société Nouvelle des Éditions Boubée, Paris.
Drawing on the right hand side based on a drawing by Roland Kirschner, used with permission.
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(Old version) Hyphae with conidia of Moniliophthora roreri, asexual stage of Agaricales Basidiomycota
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Ectomycorrhizae in their habitat, Boletales Basidiomycota (left hand side) and Tuberales Ascomycota (right hand side)
In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke.
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Ectomycorrhiza anatomy, Basidiomycota
In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke.
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Monotropa uniflora, mycoheterotrophic (erroneously called saprotrophic) plant with its fungus in the habitat
In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke.
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(Old version) Types of hymenophores of Polyporales, Basidiomycota
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Skeletal hyphae of Lentinus sp., Polyporales Basidiomycota
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(Old version) Hypha with conidia of Allescheriella crocea, asexual form of Basidiomycota
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Types of fruiting bodies of gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota
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Types of basidia of gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota
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Fruiting bodies of Geastraceae, gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota
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Fruiting bodies of Phallales, gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota
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Classification of Auriculariales and Tremellales, Basidiomycota
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Hymenium with basidium and basidiospores of Exidiopsis basidia, Auriculariales Basidiomycota
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Phylogeny of smut fungi (black, bold) and closely related groups, Basidiomycota
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Basidia of smut fungi, Basidiomycota
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Sori of smut fungi, Basidiomycota
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Life cycle of Ustilago maydis on corn, Ustilaginales Basidiomycota
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
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Life cycle of Tilletia ayresii on Panicum maximum, Tilletiales Basidiomycota
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
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Teliospore ball of Doassansia sagittariae in a leaf, Doassansiales Basidiomycota
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Teliospores, a basidium, and dikaryotic cells of Entyloma sp. in a leaf, Entylomatales Basidiomycota
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Fruiting body with elaters and basidia of Graphiola spp., Exobasidiales Basidiomycota
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Life cycle of Graphiola phoenicis, Exobasidiales Basidiomycota
Based on Cole (1983) and Oberwinkler et al. (1982).
Cole, G.T. 1983. Graphiola phoenicis: a taxonomic enigma. Mycologia 75: 93-116.
Oberwinkler, F., R.J. Bandoni, P. Blanz, G. Deml & L. Kisimova-Horovitz. 1982. Graphiolales: Basidiomycetes parasitic on palms. Pl. Syst. Evol. 140: 251-277.
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
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Teliospores of rust fungi, Pucciniales Basidiomycota
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Column of germinating teliospores of Cionothrix praelonga, Pucciniales Basidiomycota
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Life cycle of Puccinia graminis on a grass, Pucciniales Basidiomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
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Life cycle of Septobasidium sp. on scale insects on bark of a living tree, Septobasidiales Basidiomycota
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(Old version) Fruiting body with basidia of Atractiella delectans, Atractiellales Basidiomycota
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(Old version) Hypha with a conidiogenous cell and a conidium of Hobsonia mirabilis, asexual form of Atractiellales Basidiomycota
Ascomycota
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Phylogeny, subphyla of Ascomycota
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(Old version) Life cycle of Ascomycota, ascus
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
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Morphological groups, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi
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Types of conidia, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi
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Types of conidiogenesis, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi
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Conidia, Ingoldian Hyphomycetes, staurospores, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi
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Phylogeny of Pezizomycotina
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Fruiting bodies of Ascomycota
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(Old version) Stilboid fungus, Helotiales, Ascomycota
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Types of asci, Ascomycota
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Morphological groups, orders, Ascomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
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Ascospores, Ascomycota
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Life cycle of Pezizales, Ascomycota
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
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Fruiting bodies of Pezizales, Ascomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
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Arthrobotrys superba, asexual, nematode trapping, Orbiliales, Ascomycota (drawing by R. Kirschner)
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Fruiting bodies, Helotiales, Leotiales, Ascomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
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Fruiting bodies, Rhytismatales, Ascomycota
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Life cycle of Rhytisma acerinum with its asexual form Melasmia acerina, Rhytismatales, Ascomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Hou Cheng-Lin; with permission.
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Brasiliomyces chasmothecium, chasmothecium, Erysiphales, Ascomycota
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Life cycle of Erysiphales with its asexual form Oidium sp., Ascomycota
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
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Conidiophores of Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Eurotiales, Ascomycota
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Life cycle of Neurospora sp. with its asexual form Chrysonilia sp., Sordariales, Ascomycota
Based on Webster & Weber (2007), simplified.
Webster, J. & R.W.S. Weber. 2007. Introduction to fungi. Cambridge University Press.
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Classification of Hypocreales, Clavicipitales, Clavicipitaceae, Ascomycota
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Fruiting bodies of Hypocreales (without Clavicipitaceae), Ascomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
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Life cycle of Hypocrea sp. with its asexual form Trichoderma sp., Hypocreales, Ascomycota
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
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Fruiting bodies of Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota
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Life cycle of Claviceps purpurea with its asexual form Sphacelia sp., Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
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Fungi hyperparasitic on insects on plants, Hypocreales, Ascomycota
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Fruiting bodies of Xylariales, Ascomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
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(Old version) Fruiting bodies of Xylariales, Boliniales, Ascomycota
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(Old version) Fruiting bodies, ascospores, asexual forms, Xylariales, Ascomycota
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Fruiting bodies of Meliolales, Ascomycota
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Life cycle of Meliolales, Ascomycota
Based on Rodríguez Justavino (2006).
Rodríguez Justavino, D. 2006. Meliolaceae aus Panama. Ph.D. thesis, University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
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Fruiting bodies of Phyllachorales, Ascomycota
In collaboration with Tanja Trampe.
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Life cycle of Phyllachorales, Ascomycota
Based on Trampe (2009).
Trampe, T. 2009. Neotropical tarspot fungi – exploration of Phyllachorales in Panama. Ph.D. thesis, University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
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(Old version) Fruiting bodies of Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota
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(Old version) Types of hamathecia, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota
Based on Eriksson (1981).
Eriksson, O. 1981. The families of bitunicate ascomycetes. Opera Botanica 60: 1-209.
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Asexual forms, Mycosphaerella, Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota
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Life cycle of Mycosphaerella sp. with its asexual form Ramularia sp., Capnodiales, Ascomycota
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
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(Old version) Fruiting body, ascus, ascospore, Myriangium sp., Myriangiales, Ascomycota
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Asexual forms, Hyphomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota
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Asexual forms, Coelomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota
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Fruiting bodies, Asterinaceae, Microthyriales, Ascomycota
Based on Hofmann (2009).
Hofmann, T.A. 2009. Plant parasitic Asterinaceae and Microthyriaceae from the Neotropics (Panama). Ph.D. thesis, University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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(Old version) Poliferation of ascogenous hypha, ascus, Ascomycota
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(Old version) Fruiting body, Antoniomyces loranthicola, Parmulariaceae, Ascomycota
Based on Inácio et al. (2012).
Inácio, C., K. Araúz & M. Piepenbring. 2012. A new genus of Parmulariaceae from Panama. Mycological Progress (published online 2011)
Life cycle of Laboulbenia sp., Laboulbeniales, Ascomycota
Based on Scheloske (1969).
Scheloske, H.-W. 1969. Beiträge zur Biologie, Ökologie und Systematik der Laboulbeniales (Ascomycetes). Parasitologische Schriftenreihe 19: 1-176.
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
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Systematic groups including yeasts (written in red), Ascomycota, Basidiomycota
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Life cycles of yeasts, Saccharomycetales, Schizosaccharomycetales, Ascomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
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Life cycle of Taphrina deformans, Taphrinales, Ascomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
Lichens
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Interactions, green alga (green), fungal hypha, lichen, Lichenes
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Systematic position of lichenized Ascomycota (written in green), Lichenes
Phylogenetic position of lichenized species among Ascomycota (simplified). Names written in green indicate groups of lichens. Names written with green and black letters refer to groups which include lichenized and non-lichenized species.
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Growth forms of lichens, Lichenes
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Anatomy of the thallus, green alga, cyanobacterium, lichen, Lichenes
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Anatomy of the thallus, details, lichens, Lichenes
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Asci and ascospores of lichens, Lichenes
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Glomeromycota
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Chlamydospores and siphonal hyphae of a sporocarp, Glomeromycota
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Arbuscular mycorrhiza, Glomeromycota
In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke.
Zygomycota
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Sporangiophores, sporangia, conidia, liberation of spores, Mucorales, Zygomycota
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Zygospores of Mucorales, Zygomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
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Life cycle of Mucor sp., Mucorales, Zygomycota
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
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Conidiogenous cells and conidia of Conidiobolus sp., Zygomycota
Chytridiomycota
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Types of thalli of Chytridiomycota
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Life cycle of Synchytrium endobioticum on potato, Chytridiomycota
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
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Life cycle of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, asexual, Chytridiomycota
Based on Longcore et al. (1999).
Longcore, J.E., A.P. Pessier & D.K. Nichols. 1999. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis gen. et sp. nov., a chytrid pathogenic to amphibians. Mycologia 91: 219-227.
Oomycetes
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Phylogeny, simplified, Oomycota
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Asexual structures of Saprolegniales, Oomycota
Based on Gäumann (1964).
Gäumann, E. 1964. Die Pilze, Grundzüge ihrer Entwicklungsgeschichte und Morphologie, 2nd edition. Birkhäuser, Basel, Stuttgart.
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Life cycle of Saprolegnia sp., Saprolegniales, Oomycota
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Sporangiophores of Phytophthora infestans and Pseudoperonospora cubensis, Peronosporales, Oomycota
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Asexual structures of Saprolegniales, Albuginales, Peronosporales, Oomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
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Life cycle of Phytophthora infestans on potato, Peronosporales, Oomycota
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
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Protistean fungi
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Phylogeny of protistean fungi, slime molds, Myxomycota and other groups
Groups of mucilaginous fungi classified among protists. For orders, only the mycological names are cited. For classes and divisions, zoological names are cited first, and mycological names are added in quotation marks.
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Morphological concepts, orders of Myxomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
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Life cycle of Stemonitis sp., Stemonitales, Myxomycota
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
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Life cycle of Dictyostelium sp., asexual, Dictyosteliales, Myxomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
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Life cycle of Dictyostelium sp., sexual, Dictyosteliales, Myxomycota
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
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Life cycle of Plasmodiophora brassicae in cabbage, Plasmodiophoromycetes
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
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