Difference between revisions of "Mycological teaching diagrams by Meike Piepenbring"

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		+	''(These diagrams are also [[Diagramas micológicos elaborado por M. Piepenbring |available in Spanish]])''
		+
		+	'''[[:Category:Diagrams by M. Piepenbring|All diagrams]]'''
		+	__TOC__
		+
		+
	==Introduction==		==Introduction==
	These diagrams have been created for teaching of mycology and phytopathology. They are shared here in order to extend our knowledge on fungi, especially those living in the tropics.		These diagrams have been created for teaching of mycology and phytopathology. They are shared here in order to extend our knowledge on fungi, especially those living in the tropics.
−	[[File:01 01 phylogeny of fungi - simplified (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Phylogeny of fungi (names in bold), simplified (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb1.2 phylogeny fungi plants animals algae 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Phylogeny of fungi (names in bold), simplified (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+
	Phylogeny of fungi (names in bold), simplified		Phylogeny of fungi (names in bold), simplified
−	[[File:01 03 cellular structures of fungi and algae (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Cellular structures of fungi and algae (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb1.5 Fungi cellular organisation hypha yeast spore amoeba plasmodium flagellation opisthokont 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Cellular structures of fungi and algae (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+
	Cellular structures of fungi and algae		Cellular structures of fungi and algae
−	[[File:01 04 vegetative development starting from a hypha (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Vegetative development starting from a hypha (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb1.8 Fungi hypha asexual growth spore chlamydospore yeast 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Vegetative development starting from a hypha (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+
	Vegetative development starting from a hypha		Vegetative development starting from a hypha
−	[[File:01 05 life cycle, generations and nuclear stages (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, generations and nuclear stages (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb1.9 life cycle sporothallus gametothallus diplohaplontic schematical 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, generations and nuclear stages (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+	Life cycle, generations and nuclear stages<br/>
−	Life cycle, generations and nuclear stages	+	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/>
−		+
−	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis	+
−		+
	Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.		Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
−	[[File:01 06 types of fertilization (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of fertilization (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb1.10 Pilze Fungi Befruchtung Gametangien Gameten Isogamie Oogamie Spermatisierung Somatogamie 2021 en(M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of fertilization (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+	Types of fertilization<br/>
−	Types of fertilization	+
−		+
	Different types of fertilization. Long, red arrows indicate direction of movement. Short red arrows indicate growth by which compatible cells get in contact with each other and fuse. Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.		Different types of fertilization. Long, red arrows indicate direction of movement. Short red arrows indicate growth by which compatible cells get in contact with each other and fuse. Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
−	[[File:02 01 groups of Fungi (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Groups of Fungi (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:02 01 groups of Fungi (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Groups of Fungi (diagram by M. Piepenbring)('''Old version''')]]
−		+	('''Old version''')
−	Groups of Fungi	+	Groups of Fungi<br/>
−		+
	Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.		Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
−	[[File:06 01 divisions of true fungi, Fungi, simplified (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Divisions of true fungi, Fungi, simplified (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:06 01 divisions of true fungi, Fungi, simplified (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Divisions of true fungi, Fungi, simplified (diagram by M. Piepenbring)('''Old version''')]]
−		+	('''Old version''')
	Divisions of true fungi, Fungi, simplified		Divisions of true fungi, Fungi, simplified
−	[[File:02 02 life cycle with dikaryotic stage, Ascomycota Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle with dikaryotic stage, Ascomycota Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb2.2 Fungi life cycle with dikaryotic phase Basidiomycota Ascomycota 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle with dikaryotic stage, Ascomycota Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+
	Life cycle with dikaryotic stage, Ascomycota Basidiomycota		Life cycle with dikaryotic stage, Ascomycota Basidiomycota
−	[[File:02 03 chitin, Fungi (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Chitin, Fungi (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb1.11 Fungi chemical structure chitin ergosterol 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Chitin and ergosterol, Fungi (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	Chitin and ergosterol, Fungi
−	Chitin, Fungi	+	[[File:Abb1.25_CHEM_Fungi_Pilze_Stoffwechselwege_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Stoffwechselwege (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	[[File:Abb1.26_CHEM_Pilze_Grundbausteine_Naturstoffe_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Grundbausteine (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	==Basidiomycota==		==Basidiomycota==
−	[[File:03 01 01 phylogeny Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Phylogeny Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb2.1 Fungi Basidiomycota Agaricomycotina Ustilaginomycotina Pucciniomycotina phylogeny 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Phylogeny Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+
	Phylogeny of Basidiomycota		Phylogeny of Basidiomycota
−	[[File:03 01 02 developement of clamp connection (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Developement of clamp connection (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb2.3 Fungi Basidiomycota clamp development hypha dikaryon 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Development of clamp connection (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+	Development of a clamp connection<br/>
−	Developement of a clamp connection	+
−		+
	Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.		Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
−	[[File:03 01 03 types of basidia (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of basidia (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb2.6 Fungi Basidiomycota Basidientypen Holobasidie Phragmobasidie Teleutospore 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of basidia (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+
	Types of basidia		Types of basidia
−	[[File:03 01 04 discharge of ballistospore (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Discharge of ballistospore (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb2.5 Fungi Basidiomycota basidium basidiospore ballistospore Bullers drop catapult mechanism 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Discharge of ballistospore (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+	Discharge of a ballistospore<br/>
−	Discharge of a ballistospore	+	Based on Money (1998), simplified.<br/>
−		+
−	Based on Money (1998), simplified.	+
−		+
	Money, N.P. 1998. More g’s than the space shuttle: ballistospore discharge. Mycologia 90: 547-558.		Money, N.P. 1998. More g’s than the space shuttle: ballistospore discharge. Mycologia 90: 547-558.
−	[[File:03 01 05 development starting from a basidiospore (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Development starting from a basidiospore (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb2.81 Fungi Basidiomycota jelly fungi basidiospores germination Heterobasidiomycetes 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Development starting from a basidiospore (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	Development starting from a basidiospore<br/>
−	Development starting from a basidiospore
−
−
−	[[File:03 01 06 pores in septa of hyphae of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Pores in septa of hyphae of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	[[File:Abb2.7 Fungi septal pore Woronin body dolipore parenthesome 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Pores in septa of hyphae of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Pores in septa of hyphae of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota		Pores in septa of hyphae of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota
−	[[File:03 01 07 life cycle Basidiomycota basidium (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle Basidiomycota basidium (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb2.8 Fungi Basidiomycota Agaricomycotina life cycle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle Basidiomycota basidium (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+	Life cycle of Basidiomycota, basidium<br/>
−	Life cycle of Basidiomycota, basidium	+	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/>
−		+
−	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis	+
−		+
	Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.		Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
−	[[File:03 02 01 types of fruiting bodies, Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of fruiting bodies, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb2.9_Pilze_Fungi_Basidiomycota_Fruchtkörper_Basidiomata_agaricoid_polyporoid_hydnoid_corticioid_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of fruiting bodies, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+	Types of fruiting bodies, Basidiomycota<br/>
−	Types of fruiting bodies, Basidiomycota	+
−		+
	Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.		Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
−	[[File:03 02 02 concepts of Agaricales and Polyporales, Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Concepts of Agaricales and Polyporales, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:03 02 02 concepts of Agaricales and Polyporales, Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Concepts of Agaricales and Polyporales, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)('''Old version''')]]
−		+	('''Old version''')
−	Concepts of Agaricales and Polyporales, Basidiomycota	+	Concepts of Agaricales and Polyporales, Basidiomycota
−		+
−		+
−	[[File:03 02 05 connections of a lamella to the stipe, Agaricales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Connections of a lamella to the stipe, Agaricales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+
		+	[[File:Abb2.15 Fungi Basidiomycota Agaricales basidioma lamellae stipe 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Connections of a lamella to the stipe, Agaricales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Connections of a lamella to the stipe, Agaricales Basidiomycota		Connections of a lamella to the stipe, Agaricales Basidiomycota
−	[[File:03 02 06 hemiangiocarpic fruiting body, Agaricales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Hemiangiocarpic fruiting body, Agaricales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb2.17 Fungi Basidiomycota Agaricales Amanita angiocarpic 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Hemiangiocarpic fruiting body, Agaricales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+	Hemiangiocarpic fruiting body of ''Amanita'' sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota<br/>
−	Hemiangiocarpic fruiting body of ''Amanita'' sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota	+
−		+
	Modified after diagrams by Yang Zhu-Liang; with permission.		Modified after diagrams by Yang Zhu-Liang; with permission.
−	[[File:03 02 09 life cycle of Agaricus sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle of Agaricus sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb2.21 Fungi Basidiomycota Agaricales life cycle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle of Agaricus sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+	Life cycle of ''Agaricus'' sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota<br/>
−	Life cycle of ''Agaricus'' sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota	+	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/>
−		+
−	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis	+
−		+
	Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.		Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
−	[[File:03 02 10 c 2b leaf-cutting ants, bromatium, Agaricales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 2b leaf-cutting ants, bromatium, Agaricales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb2.35 Fungi Basidiomycota Agaricales leaf-cutting leafcutter ants Attamyces bromatium gongylidium 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 2b leaf-cutting ants, bromatium, Agaricales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+
	Bromatium of leaf-cutting ants, asexual stage of Agaricales Basidiomycota		Bromatium of leaf-cutting ants, asexual stage of Agaricales Basidiomycota
−	[[File:03 02 10 c 2c leaf-cutting ants, parasite Escovopsis weberi, conidiophore with conidia, Agaricales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 2c leaf-cutting ants, parasite Escovopsis weberi, conidiophore with conidia, Agaricales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:03 02 10 c 2c leaf-cutting ants, parasite Escovopsis weberi, conidiophore with conidia, Agaricales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 2c leaf-cutting ants, parasite Escovopsis weberi, conidiophore with conidia, Agaricales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)('''Old version''')]]
		+	('''Old version''')
		+	''Escovopsis weberi'', parasite of the fungus cultivated by leaf-cutting ants, conidiophore with conidia, asexual form of Hypocreales, Ascomycota
−	''Escovopsis weberi'', parasite of the fungus cultivated by leaf-cutting ants, conidiophore with conidia, asexual form of Hypocreales, Ascomycota
		+	[[File:Abb2.32 Fungi Basidiomycota Agaricales Termitomyces termite mound fungal garden termite fungi mycotete 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 2e termite nest, Termitomyces sp., Termitosphaera sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	Termite nest, ''Termitomyces'' sp., ''Termitosphaera'' sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota<br/>
		+	Diagram on the left hand side based on Heim (1977) and Buyck (1994).<br/>
		+	Buyck, B. 1994. Ubwoba: les champignons comestibles de l'Ouest du Burundi. Publ. Agric. 34.<br/>
		+	Heim, R. 1977. Termites et champignons. Les champignons termitophiles d´Afrique Noire et d´Asie méridionale. Société Nouvelle des Éditions Boubée, Paris.<br/>
		+	Drawing on the right hand side based on a drawing by Roland Kirschner, used with permission.<br/>
−	[[File:03 02 10 c 2e termite nest, Termitomyces sp., Termitosphaera sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 2e termite nest, Termitomyces sp., Termitosphaera sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−
−	Termite nest, ''Termitomyces'' sp., ''Termitosphaera'' sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota
−
−	Diagram on the left hand side based on Heim (1977) and Buyck (1994).
−
−	Buyck, B. 1994. Ubwoba: les champignons comestibles de l'Ouest du Burundi. Publ. Agric. 34.
−
−	Heim, R. 1977. Termites et champignons. Les champignons termitophiles d´Afrique Noire et d´Asie méridionale. Société Nouvelle des Éditions Boubée, Paris.
−
−	Drawing on the right hand side based on a drawing by Roland Kirschner, used with permission.
−
−
−	[[File:03 02 10 c 4b hyphae with conidia of Moniliophthora roreri, Agaricales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 4b hyphae with conidia of Moniliophthora roreri, Agaricales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	[[File:03 02 10 c 4b hyphae with conidia of Moniliophthora roreri, Agaricales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 4b hyphae with conidia of Moniliophthora roreri, Agaricales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)('''Old version''')]]
		+	('''Old version''')
	Hyphae with conidia of ''Moniliophthora roreri'', asexual stage of Agaricales Basidiomycota		Hyphae with conidia of ''Moniliophthora roreri'', asexual stage of Agaricales Basidiomycota
−	[[File:03 02 10 c 5a ectomycorrhizae in their habitat, Boletales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 5a ectomycorrhizae in their habitat, Boletales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb1.4 ectomycorrhiza schematical macroscopic Boletales Tuber 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 5a ectomycorrhizae in their habitat, Boletales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+	Ectomycorrhizae in their habitat, Boletales Basidiomycota (left hand side) and Tuberales Ascomycota (right hand side)<br/>
−	Ectomycorrhizae in their habitat, Boletales Basidiomycota	+
−		+
	In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke.		In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke.
−	[[File:03 02 10 c 5b ectomycorrhiza anatomy, Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 5b ectomycorrhiza anatomy, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb2.41 ectomycorrhiza root section microscopic hyphal sheath Hartig net 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 5b ectomycorrhiza anatomy, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+	Ectomycorrhiza anatomy, Basidiomycota<br/>
−	Ectomycorrhiza anatomy, Basidiomycota	+
−		+
	In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke.		In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke.
		+	[[File:Abb2.142_Pilze_Fungi_Basidiomycota_Pucciniales_Tranzschelsche_Regel_korrelierte_Arten_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|(diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−	[[File:03 02 10 c 6b Monotropa uniflora, mycoheterotrophic (erroneously called saprotrophic) plant with its fungus in the habitat (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 6b Monotropa uniflora, mycoheterotrophic (erroneously called saprotrophic) plant with its fungus in the habitat (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−
−	''Monotropa uniflora'', mycoheterotrophic (erroneously called saprotrophic) plant with its fungus in the habitat
		+	[[File:Abb5.12 mycorrhiza mycoheterotrophy Monotropa Cryptothallus mirabilis Voyria Glomus Tulasnella Tricholoma 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 6b Monotropa uniflora, mycoheterotrophic (erroneously called saprotrophic) plant with its fungus in the habitat (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	''Monotropa uniflora'', mycoheterotrophic (erroneously called saprotrophic) plant with its fungus in the habitat<br/>
	In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke.		In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke.
−	[[File:03 02 14 types of hymenophores of Polyporales, Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of hymenophores of Polyporales, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:03 02 14 types of hymenophores of Polyporales, Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of hymenophores of Polyporales, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)('''Old version''')]]
−		+	('''Old version''') Types of hymenophores of Polyporales, Basidiomycota
−	Types of hymenophores of Polyporales, Basidiomycota	+
−		+
−	[[File:03 02 16 skeletal hyphae of Lentinus sp., Polyporales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Skeletal hyphae of Lentinus sp., Polyporales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	[[File:Abb2.51 Fungi Basidiomycota Polyporales skeletal hypha 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Skeletal hyphae of Lentinus sp., Polyporales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Skeletal hyphae of ''Lentinus'' sp., Polyporales Basidiomycota		Skeletal hyphae of ''Lentinus'' sp., Polyporales Basidiomycota
		+	[[File:Abb2.58_Orchideenmykorrhiza_Wurzel_quer_mikroskopisch_Hyphenknäul_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|(diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−	[[File:03 02 20 hypha with conidia of Allescheriella crocea, asexual form of Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Hypha with conidia of Allescheriella crocea, asexual form of Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−	Hypha with conidia of ''Allescheriella crocea'', asexual form of Basidiomycota	+	[[File:03 02 20 hypha with conidia of Allescheriella crocea, asexual form of Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Hypha with conidia of Allescheriella crocea, asexual form of Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)('''Old version''')]]
		+	('''Old version''') Hypha with conidia of ''Allescheriella crocea'', asexual form of Basidiomycota
		+	[[File:Abb2.6_Fungi_Basidiomycota_Basidientypen_Holobasidie_Phragmobasidie_Teleutospore_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|(diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−	[[File:03 02 21 types of fruiting bodies of gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of fruiting bodies of gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	[[File:Abb2.66 Fungi Basidiomycota gasteromycetation secotioid gasteroid hypogeous truffle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of fruiting bodies of gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	[[File:Abb2.69 Fungi Basidiomycota Agaricales gasteroid fruiting body Bovista Lycoperdon Tulostoma Cyathus 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px]]
	Types of fruiting bodies of gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota		Types of fruiting bodies of gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota
−	[[File:03 02 23 types of basidia of gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of basidia of gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb2.67 Fungi Basidiomycota Gasteromycetes belly fung basidia Lycoperdon Rhizopogon Scleroderma Clathrus 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of basidia of gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+
	Types of basidia of gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota		Types of basidia of gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota
−	[[File:03 02 24 fruiting bodies of Geastraceae, gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies of Geastraceae, gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb2.79 Fungi Basidiomycota Geastrales Geastrum fruiting body forniculate Sphaerobolus 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies of Geastraceae, gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+
	Fruiting bodies of Geastraceae, gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota		Fruiting bodies of Geastraceae, gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota
−	[[File:03 02 26 fruiting bodies of Phallales, gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies of Phallales, gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb2.75_Pilze_Fungi_Basidiomycota_Phallales_Fruchtkörper_Phallus_Clathrus_Staheliomyces_Laternea_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies of Phallales, gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+
	Fruiting bodies of Phallales, gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota		Fruiting bodies of Phallales, gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota
		+	[[File:Abb2.8_Pilze_Fungi_Basidiomycota_Agaricomycotina_Entwicklungsgang_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|(diagram by M. Pipenbring)]]
−	[[File:03 02 27 classification of Auriculariales and Tremellales, Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Classification of Auriculariales and Tremellales, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	[[File:Abb2.83_Pilze_Fungi_Basidiomycota_Auriculariales_Tremellales_Basidien_Septenporen_Systematik_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Classification of Auriculariales and Tremellales, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Classification of Auriculariales and Tremellales, Basidiomycota		Classification of Auriculariales and Tremellales, Basidiomycota
−	[[File:03 02 28 hymenium with basidium and basidiospores of Exidiopsis laccata, Auriculariales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Hymenium with basidium and basidiospores of Exidiopsis laccata, Auriculariales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb2.85 Fungi Basidiomycota Auriculariales Exidiopsis basidia 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Hymenium with basidium and basidiospores of Exidiopsis basidia, Auriculariales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	Hymenium with basidium and basidiospores of ''Exidiopsis basidia'', Auriculariales Basidiomycota
−	Hymenium with basidium and basidiospores of ''Exidiopsis laccata'', Auriculariales Basidiomycota	+	[[File:Abb3.100_Pilze_Fungi_Ascomycota_Laboulbeniales_Entwicklungsgang_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|(diagrams by M. Pipenbring)]]
−		+
−		+
−	[[File:03 03 01 phylogeny of smut fungi (black, bold) and closely related groups, Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Phylogeny of smut fungi (black, bold) and closely related groups, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+
		+	[[File:Abb2.101 Fungi Basidiomycota Ustilaginomycotina smut fungi phylogeny 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Phylogeny of smut fungi (black, bold) and closely related groups, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Phylogeny of smut fungi (black, bold) and closely related groups, Basidiomycota		Phylogeny of smut fungi (black, bold) and closely related groups, Basidiomycota
−	[[File:03 03 02 basidia of smut fungi, Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Basidia of smut fungi, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb2.105 Fungi Basidiomycota smut fungi Ustilaginales Tilletia Mycosyrinx Entyloma basidium 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Basidia of smut fungi, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+
	Basidia of smut fungi, Basidiomycota		Basidia of smut fungi, Basidiomycota
−	[[File:03 03 03 homothallic basidia of smut fungi, Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Homothallic basidia of smut fungi, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb2.102 Fungi Basidiomycota smut fungi Ustilaginales Tilletiales Microbotryales sorus sori teliospore 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Sori of smut fungi, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+
−	Homothallic basidia of smut fungi, Basidiomycota	+
−		+
−		+
−	[[File:03 03 05 sori of smut fungi, Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Sori of smut fungi, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+
−		+
	Sori of smut fungi, Basidiomycota		Sori of smut fungi, Basidiomycota
		+	[[File:Abb2.103_Pilze_Fungi_Brandpilze_Ustilaginales_Tilletia_Entyloma_Urocystis_Mycosyrinx_Brandsporen_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|(diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−	[[File:03 03 07 life cycle of Ustilago maydis on corn, Ustilaginales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle of Ustilago maydis on corn, Ustilaginales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−
−	Life cycle of ''Ustilago maydis'' on corn, Ustilaginales Basidiomycota
−
−	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
		+	[[File:Abb2.108_Pilze_Fungi_Basidiomycota_Ustilaginales_Ustilago_maydis_Maisbeulenbrand_Entwicklungsgang_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle of Ustilago maydis on corn, Ustilaginales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	Life cycle of ''Ustilago maydis'' on corn, Ustilaginales Basidiomycota<br/>
		+	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/>
	Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.		Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
−	[[File:03 03 08 life cycle of Tilletia ayresii on Panicum maximum, Tilletiales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle of Tilletia ayresii on Panicum maximum, Tilletiales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb2.110 Fungi Basidiomycota Tilletiales Tilletia bunt life cycle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle of Tilletia ayresii on Panicum maximum, Tilletiales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+	Life cycle of ''Tilletia ayresii'' on ''Panicum maximum'', Tilletiales Basidiomycota<br/>
−	Life cycle of ''Tilletia ayresii'' on ''Panicum maximum'', Tilletiales Basidiomycota	+	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/>
−		+
−	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis	+
−		+
	Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.		Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
−	[[File:03 03 11 teliospore ball of Narasimhania alismatis in a leaf of Sagittaria guyanensis, Doassansiales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Teliospore ball of Narasimhania alismatis in a leaf of Sagittaria guyanensis, Doassansiales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb2.114 Fungi Basidiomycota Doassansiales Doassansia sagittariae teliospore ball 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Teliospore ball of Doassansia sagittariae in a leaf, Doassansiales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	Teliospore ball of ''Doassansia sagittariae'' in a leaf, Doassansiales Basidiomycota
−	Teliospore ball of ''Narasimhania alismatis'' in a leaf of ''Sagittaria guyanensis'', Doassansiales Basidiomycota
−
−
−	[[File:03 03 12 teliospores, a basidium, and dikaryotic cells of Entyloma sp. in a leaf, Entylomatales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Teliospores, a basidium, and dikaryotic cells of Entyloma sp. in a leaf, Entylomatales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	[[File:Abb2.116 Fungi Basidiomycota Entylomatales Entyloma in leaf teliospores basidium 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Teliospores, a basidium, and dikaryotic cells of Entyloma sp. in a leaf, Entylomatales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Teliospores, a basidium, and dikaryotic cells of ''Entyloma'' sp. in a leaf, Entylomatales Basidiomycota		Teliospores, a basidium, and dikaryotic cells of ''Entyloma'' sp. in a leaf, Entylomatales Basidiomycota
		+	[[File:Abb2.118_Pilze_Fungi_Basidiomycota_Exobasidiales_Exobasidium_auf_Ericaceae_Entwicklungsgang_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|(diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−	[[File:03 03 14 basidia of Exobasidium poasanum on Satyria warszewiczii, Exobasidiales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring, published in Nova Hedwigia).png|none|600px|Basidia of Exobasidium poasanum on Satyria warszewiczii, Exobasidiales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring, published in Nova Hedwigia) (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−
−	Basidia of ''Exobasidium poasanum'' on ''Satyria warszewiczii'', Exobasidiales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring, published in Nova Hedwigia)
−
−	Published in Nova Hedwigia by Piepenbring et al. 2010; reproduced and licensed with permission.
−
−	Piepenbring, M., J. Espinoza, L. Saldaña & O. Cáceres (2010) New records, host plants, morphological and molecular data of Exobasidiales (Basidiomycota) from Panama. Nova Hedwigia 91: 231-242.
−
−
−	[[File:03 03 15 fruiting body with elaters and basidia of Graphiola spp., Exobasidiales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting body with elaters and basidia of Graphiola spp., Exobasidiales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	[[File:Abb2.121 Fungi Basidiomycota Exobasidiales Graphiolaceae Graphiola on Arecaceae sorus elaters basidia 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting body with elaters and basidia of Graphiola spp., Exobasidiales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Fruiting body with elaters and basidia of ''Graphiola'' spp., Exobasidiales Basidiomycota		Fruiting body with elaters and basidia of ''Graphiola'' spp., Exobasidiales Basidiomycota
−	[[File:03 03 16 life cycle of Graphiola phoenicis, Exobasidiales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle of Graphiola phoenicis, Exobasidiales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb2.122 Fungi Basidiomycota Exobasidiales Graphiolaceae Graphiola on Arecaceae life cycle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle of Graphiola phoenicis, Exobasidiales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+	Life cycle of ''Graphiola phoenicis'', Exobasidiales Basidiomycota<br/>
−	Life cycle of ''Graphiola phoenicis'', Exobasidiales Basidiomycota	+	Based on Cole (1983) and Oberwinkler et al. (1982).<br/>
−		+	Cole, G.T. 1983. ''Graphiola phoenicis'': a taxonomic enigma. Mycologia 75: 93-116. <br/>
−	Based on Cole (1983) and Oberwinkler et al. (1982).	+	Oberwinkler, F., R.J. Bandoni, P. Blanz, G. Deml & L. Kisimova-Horovitz. 1982. Graphiolales: Basidiomycetes parasitic on palms. Pl. Syst. Evol. 140: 251-277.<br/>
−		+	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/>
−	Cole, G.T. 1983. ''Graphiola phoenicis'': a taxonomic enigma. Mycologia 75: 93-116.	+
−		+
−	Oberwinkler, F., R.J. Bandoni, P. Blanz, G. Deml & L. Kisimova-Horovitz. 1982. Graphiolales: Basidiomycetes parasitic on palms. Pl. Syst. Evol. 140: 251-277.	+
−		+
−	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis	+
−		+
	Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.		Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
−	[[File:03 03 17 basidia of Kordyana tradescantiae growing out of stomata, mature and young, Exobasidiales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Basidia of Kordyana tradescantiae growing out of stomata, mature and young, Exobasidiales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb2.137 Fungi Basidiomycota Pucciniales rusts teliospores diversity 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Teliospores of rust fungi, Pucciniales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+
−	Basidia of ''Kordyana tradescantiae'' growing out of stomata, mature and young, Exobasidiales Basidiomycota	+
−		+
−	Published in Nova Hedwigia by Piepenbring et al. (2010); reproduced with permission.	+
−		+
−	Piepenbring, M., J. Espinoza, L. Saldaña & O. Cáceres (2010) New records, host plants, morphological and molecular data of Exobasidiales (Basidiomycota) from Panama. Nova Hedwigia 91: 231-242.	+
−		+
−		+
−	[[File:03 04 03 teliospores of rust fungi, Pucciniales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Teliospores of rust fungi, Pucciniales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+
−		+
	Teliospores of rust fungi, Pucciniales Basidiomycota		Teliospores of rust fungi, Pucciniales Basidiomycota
−	[[File:03 04 05 column of germinating teliospores of Cionothrix praelonga, Pucciniales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Column of germinating teliospores of Cionothrix praelonga, Pucciniales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb2.138 Fungi Basidiomycota Pucciniales Cionothrix praelonga teliospores in column basidia 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Column of germinating teliospores of Cionothrix praelonga, Pucciniales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+
	Column of germinating teliospores of ''Cionothrix praelonga'', Pucciniales Basidiomycota		Column of germinating teliospores of ''Cionothrix praelonga'', Pucciniales Basidiomycota
−	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
−
−	Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
−
−
−	[[File:03 04 06 life cycle of Puccinia graminis on a grass, Pucciniales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle of Puccinia graminis on a grass, Pucciniales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−
−	Life cycle of ''Puccinia graminis'' on a grass, Pucciniales Basidiomycota
−
−	Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
		+	[[File:Abb2.140 Fungi Basidiomycota Pucciniales Puccinia graminis on Berberis Poaceae life cycle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle of Puccinia graminis on a grass, Pucciniales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	Life cycle of ''Puccinia graminis'' on a grass, Pucciniales Basidiomycota<br/>
		+	Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.<br/>
		+	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/>
		+	Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.<br/>
−	[[File:03 04 08 life cycle of Septobasidium sp. on scale insects on bark of a living tree, Septobasidiales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle of Septobasidium sp. on scale insects on bark of a living tree, Septobasidiales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	[[File:Abb2.144 Fungi Basidiomycota Septobasidiales Septobasidium scale insects life cycle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle of Septobasidium sp. on scale insects on bark of a living tree, Septobasidiales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Life cycle of ''Septobasidium'' sp. on scale insects on bark of a living tree, Septobasidiales Basidiomycota		Life cycle of ''Septobasidium'' sp. on scale insects on bark of a living tree, Septobasidiales Basidiomycota
−	[[File:03 04 10 fruiting body with basidia of Atractiella delectans, Atractiellales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting body with basidia of Atractiella delectans, Atractiellales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:03 04 10 fruiting body with basidia of Atractiella delectans, Atractiellales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting body with basidia of Atractiella delectans, Atractiellales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)('''Old version''')]]
		+	('''Old version''') Fruiting body with basidia of ''Atractiella delectans'', Atractiellales Basidiomycota
−	Fruiting body with basidia of ''Atractiella delectans'', Atractiellales Basidiomycota
−
−
−	[[File:03 04 11 hypha with a conidiogenous cell and a conidium of Hobsonia mirabilis, asexual Atractiellales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Hypha with a conidiogenous cell and a conidium of Hobsonia mirabilis, asexual Atractiellales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	[[File:03 04 11 hypha with a conidiogenous cell and a conidium of Hobsonia mirabilis, asexual Atractiellales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Hypha with a conidiogenous cell and a conidium of Hobsonia mirabilis, asexual Atractiellales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)('''Old version''')]]
		+	('''Old version''')
	Hypha with a conidiogenous cell and a conidium of ''Hobsonia mirabilis'', asexual form of Atractiellales Basidiomycota		Hypha with a conidiogenous cell and a conidium of ''Hobsonia mirabilis'', asexual form of Atractiellales Basidiomycota
	==Ascomycota==		==Ascomycota==
		+	[[File:Abb3.1 Fungi Ascomycota Taphrinomycotina Saccharomycotina Pezizomycotina phylogeny 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Phylogeny subphyla of Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	Phylogeny, subphyla of Ascomycota
−	[[File:04 01 01 phylogeny subphyla of Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Phylogeny subphyla of Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−	Phylogeny subphyla of Ascomycota	+	[[File:04 01 02 life cycle Ascomycota, ascus (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle Ascomycota, ascus (diagram by M. Piepenbring)('''Old version''')]]
		+	('''Old version''') Life cycle of Ascomycota, ascus<br/>
		+	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/>
		+	Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.<br/>
−	[[File:04 01 02 life cycle Ascomycota, ascus (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle Ascomycota, ascus (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.8_asexuelle_Pilze_Fungi_Imperfecti_Formgruppen_Hyphomyceten_Coelomyceten_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Morphological groups, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+
−	Life cycle Ascomycota, ascus	+
−		+
−	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis	+
−		+
−	Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.	+
−		+
−		+
−	[[File:04 02 01 morphological groups, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Morphological groups, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+
−		+
	Morphological groups, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi		Morphological groups, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi
−	[[File:04 02 03 types of conidia, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of conidia, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.10 Fungi Ascomycota Fungi Imperfecti conidia types 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of conidia, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+
	Types of conidia, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi		Types of conidia, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi
−	[[File:04 02 04 types of conidiogenesis, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of conidiogenesis, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.12 Fungi Ascomycota Fungi Imperfecti conidiogenous loci monoblastic polyblastic sympodial tretic 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of conidiogenesis, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+
	Types of conidiogenesis, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi		Types of conidiogenesis, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi
−	[[File:04 02 05 conidia, Ingoldian Hyphomycetes, staurospores, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Conidia, Ingoldian Hyphomycetes, staurospores, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.9 Fungi Ascomycota Ingoldian hyphomycetes conidia aquatic fungi 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Conidia, Ingoldian Hyphomycetes, staurospores, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+
	Conidia, Ingoldian Hyphomycetes, staurospores, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi		Conidia, Ingoldian Hyphomycetes, staurospores, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi
		+	[[File:Abb3.95_Pilze_Fungi_Ascomycota_Microascales_Chalara_Collarette_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|(diagram by M. Pipenbring)]]
−	[[File:04 03 01 phylogeny, Pezizomycotina (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Phylogeny, Pezizomycotina (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−	Phylogeny, Pezizomycotina	+	[[File:Abb3.2_Pilze_Fungi_Ascomycota_Pezizomycotina_Stammbaum_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Phylogeny, Pezizomycotina (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	Phylogeny of Pezizomycotina
−	[[File:04 03 02 fruiting bodies, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.3 Fungi Ascomcoyta fruiting body apothecium perithecium cleistothecium pseudothecium chasmothecium 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	Fruiting bodies of Ascomycota
−	Fruiting bodies, Ascomycota
		+	[[File:04 03 03 stilboid fungus, Helotiales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Stilboid fungus, Helotiales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)('''Old version''')]]
		+	('''Old version''') Stilboid fungus, Helotiales, Ascomycota
−	[[File:04 03 03 stilboid fungus, Helotiales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Stilboid fungus, Helotiales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−
−	Stilboid fungus, Helotiales, Ascomycota
−
−
−	[[File:04 03 04 types of asci, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of asci, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	[[File:Abb3.4 Fungi Ascomycota ascus asci prototunicate operculate bitunicate inoperculate 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of asci, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Types of asci, Ascomycota		Types of asci, Ascomycota
−	[[File:04 03 05 morphological groups, orders, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Morphological groups, orders, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.5 Fungi Ascomycota morphological groups unitunicate bitunicate ascohymenial ascolocular 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Morphological groups, orders, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+	Morphological groups, orders, Ascomycota<br/>
−	Morphological groups, orders, Ascomycota	+
−		+
	Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.		Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
−	[[File:04 03 06 ascospores, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Ascospores, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.6_Pilze_Fungi_Ascomycota_Ascosporen_Vielfalt_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Ascospores, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+
	Ascospores, Ascomycota		Ascospores, Ascomycota
−	[[File:04 03 07 life cycle, Pezizales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Pezizales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.7 Fungi Ascomycota Pezizales life cycle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Pezizales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+	Life cycle of Pezizales, Ascomycota<br/>
−	Life cycle, Pezizales, Ascomycota	+	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/>
−		+
−	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis	+
−		+
	Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.		Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
−	[[File:04 03 09 fruiting bodies, Pezizales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Pezizales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.15 Fungi Ascomycota Pezizales fruiting bodies ascomata morphological series 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Pezizales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+	Fruiting bodies of Pezizales, Ascomycota<br/>
−	Fruiting bodies, Pezizales, Ascomycota	+
−		+
	Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.		Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
		+	[[File:Abb3.16_Chromelosporum_fulvum_Z_en_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|(diagram by M. Pipenbring)]]
−	[[File:04 03 10 Arthrobotrys superba, asexual, captura nematodos, Orbiliales, Ascomycota (R. Kirschner).png|none|600px|Arthrobotrys superba, asexual, captura nematodos, Orbiliales, Ascomycota (R. Kirschner) (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−	Arthrobotrys superba, asexual, captura nematodos, Orbiliales, Ascomycota (R. Kirschner)	+	[[File:Abb3.20 Fungi Ascomycota Orbiliales Arthrobotrys oligospora 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Arthrobotrys superba, asexual, nematode trapping, Orbiliales, Ascomycota (R. Kirschner) (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	''Arthrobotrys superba'', asexual, nematode trapping, Orbiliales, Ascomycota (drawing by R. Kirschner)
		+	[[File:Abb3.25_Botrytis_Z_en_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|(diagram by M. Pipenbring)]]
−	[[File:04 03 10 Arthrobotrys superba, asexual, nematode trapping, Orbiliales, Ascomycota (R. Kirschner).png|none|600px|Arthrobotrys superba, asexual, nematode trapping, Orbiliales, Ascomycota (R. Kirschner) (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−
−	Arthrobotrys superba, asexual, nematode trapping, Orbiliales, Ascomycota (R. Kirschner)
−
−
−	[[File:04 03 12 fruiting bodies, Cyttariales, Helotiales, Leotiales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Cyttariales, Helotiales, Leotiales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−
−	Fruiting bodies, Cyttariales, Helotiales, Leotiales, Ascomycota
		+	[[File:Abb3.26_Pilze_Fungi_Ascomycota_Helotiales_Fruchtkörper_Ascomata_Vielfalt_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Helotiales, Leotiales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	Fruiting bodies, Helotiales, Leotiales, Ascomycota<br/>
	Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.		Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
−	[[File:04 03 15 fruiting bodies, Rhytismatales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Rhytismatales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.34 Fungi Ascomycota Rhytismatales fruiting bodies ascomata diversity 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Rhytismatales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+
	Fruiting bodies, Rhytismatales, Ascomycota		Fruiting bodies, Rhytismatales, Ascomycota
−	[[File:04 03 16 life cycle, Rhytisma acerinum, Rhytismatales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Rhytisma acerinum, Rhytismatales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.36 Fungi Ascomycota Rhytismatales Rhytisma acerinum life cycle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Rhytisma acerinum, Rhytismatales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+	Life cycle of ''Rhytisma acerinum'' with its asexual form ''Melasmia acerina'', Rhytismatales, Ascomycota<br/>
−	Life cycle, Rhytisma acerinum, Rhytismatales, Ascomycota	+
−		+
	Modified after unpublished diagrams by Hou Cheng-Lin; with permission.		Modified after unpublished diagrams by Hou Cheng-Lin; with permission.
−	[[File:04 03 19 life cycle, Erysiphales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Erysiphales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.39 Fungi Ascomycota Erysiphales Brasiliomyces chasmothecium 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Brasiliomyces chasmothecium, chasmothecium, Erysiphales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	''Brasiliomyces chasmothecium'', chasmothecium, Erysiphales, Ascomycota
−	Life cycle, Erysiphales, Ascomycota
−
−	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
		+	[[File:Abb3.44 Fungi Ascomycota Erysiphales life cycle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Erysiphales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	Life cycle of Erysiphales with its asexual form ''Oidium'' sp., Ascomycota<br/>
		+	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/>
	Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.		Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
−	[[File:04 03 21 conidiophores, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Eurotiales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Conidiophores, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Eurotiales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.48 Fungi Ascomycota Eurotiales Aspergillus Penicillium conidiophores vesicle metulae 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Conidiophores, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Eurotiales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	Conidiophores of ''Aspergillus'' sp., ''Penicillium'' sp., Eurotiales, Ascomycota
−	Conidiophores, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Eurotiales, Ascomycota
−
−
−	[[File:04 03 24 life cycle, Neurospora sp., Sordariales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Neurospora sp., Sordariales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−
−	Life cycle, Neurospora sp., Sordariales, Ascomycota
−
−	Based on Webster & Weber (2007), simplified.
		+	[[File:Abb3.58_Pilze_Fungi_Ascomycota_Sordariales_Neurospora_Entwicklungsgang_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Neurospora sp., Sordariales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	Life cycle of ''Neurospora'' sp. with its asexual form ''Chrysonilia'' sp., Sordariales, Ascomycota<br/>
		+	Based on Webster & Weber (2007), simplified.<br/>
	Webster, J. & R.W.S. Weber. 2007. Introduction to fungi. Cambridge University Press.		Webster, J. & R.W.S. Weber. 2007. Introduction to fungi. Cambridge University Press.
−	[[File:04 03 25 classification Hypocreales, Clavicipitales, Clavicipitaceae, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Classification Hypocreales, Clavicipitales, Clavicipitaceae, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.59 Fungi Ascomycota Hypocreales Clavicipitales Clavicipitaceae phylogeny 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Classification Hypocreales, Clavicipitales, Clavicipitaceae, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	Classification of Hypocreales, Clavicipitales, Clavicipitaceae, Ascomycota
−	Classification Hypocreales, Clavicipitales, Clavicipitaceae, Ascomycota
−
−
−	[[File:04 03 27 fruiting bodies, Hypocreales (without Clavicipitaceae), Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Hypocreales (without Clavicipitaceae), Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−
−	Fruiting bodies, Hypocreales (without Clavicipitaceae), Ascomycota
		+	[[File:Abb3.61 Fungi Ascomycota Hypocreales Nectria Hypomyces Hypocrea fruiting bodies diversity 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Hypocreales (without Clavicipitaceae), Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	Fruiting bodies of Hypocreales (without Clavicipitaceae), Ascomycota<br/>
	Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.		Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
−	[[File:04 03 29 life cycle, Hypocrea sp., Hypocreales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Hypocrea sp., Hypocreales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.63_Pilze_Fungi_Ascomycota_Hypocreales_Trichoderma_Hypocrea_Entwicklungsgang_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Hypocrea sp., Hypocreales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+	Life cycle of ''Hypocrea'' sp. with its asexual form ''Trichoderma'' sp., Hypocreales, Ascomycota<br/>
−	Life cycle, Hypocrea sp., Hypocreales, Ascomycota	+	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/>
−		+
−	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis	+
−		+
	Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.		Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
−	[[File:04 03 31 fruiting bodies, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.73 Fungi Ascomycota Hypocreales Clavicipitaceae Claviceps Balansia Cordyceps Myriogenospora 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+	Fruiting bodies of Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota
−	Fruiting bodies, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota	+
−		+
−		+
−	[[File:04 03 32 life cycle, Claviceps purpurea, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Claviceps purpurea, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+
−		+
−	Life cycle, Claviceps purpurea, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota	+
−	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
		+	[[File:Abb3.75 Fungi Ascomycota Hypocreales Clavicipitaceae Claviceps purpurea life cycle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Claviceps purpurea, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	Life cycle of ''Claviceps purpurea'' with its asexual form ''Sphacelia'' sp., Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota<br/>
		+	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/>
	Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.		Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
−	[[File:04 03 33 c 16b fungi hyperparasitic on insects on plants, Hypocreales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 16b fungi hyperparasitic on insects on plants, Hypocreales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.70 Fungi Ascomycota Hypocreales entomopathogenic Torrubiella fungus gall Cecidomyiidae 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 16b fungi hyperparasitic on insects on plants, Hypocreales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	Fungi hyperparasitic on insects on plants, Hypocreales, Ascomycota
−	C 16b fungi hyperparasitic on insects on plants, Hypocreales, Ascomycota
−
−
−	[[File:04 03 35 fruiting bodies, Xylariales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Xylariales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−
−	Fruiting bodies, Xylariales, Ascomycota
		+	[[File:Abb3.78_Pilze_Fungi_Ascomycota_Xylariales_Fruchtkörper_morphologische_Reihe_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Xylariales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	Fruiting bodies of Xylariales, Ascomycota<br/>
	Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.		Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
−	[[File:04 03 36 fruiting bodies, Xylariales, Boliniales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Xylariales, Boliniales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:04 03 36 fruiting bodies, Xylariales, Boliniales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Xylariales, Boliniales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)('''Old version''')]]
		+	('''Old version''') Fruiting bodies of Xylariales, Boliniales, Ascomycota
−	Fruiting bodies, Xylariales, Boliniales, Ascomycota
		+	[[File:04 03 37 fruiting bodies, ascospores, asexual forms, Xylariales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, ascospores, asexual forms, Xylariales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)('''Old version''')]]
		+	('''Old version''') Fruiting bodies, ascospores, asexual forms, Xylariales, Ascomycota
−	[[File:04 03 37 fruiting bodies, ascospores, asexual forms, Xylariales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, ascospores, asexual forms, Xylariales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−	Fruiting bodies, ascospores, asexual forms, Xylariales, Ascomycota	+	[[File:Abb3.86 Fungi Ascomycota Meliolales fruiting bodies Meliola Appendiculella Asteridiella Irenopsis Amazonia 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Meliolales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	Fruiting bodies of Meliolales, Ascomycota
−	[[File:04 03 39 fruiting bodies, Meliolales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Meliolales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.87 Fungi Ascomycota Meliolales life cycle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Meliolales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+	Life cycle of Meliolales, Ascomycota<br/>
−	Fruiting bodies, Meliolales, Ascomycota	+	Based on Rodríguez Justavino (2006).<br/>
−		+	Rodríguez Justavino, D. 2006. Meliolaceae aus Panama. Ph.D. thesis, University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany.<br/>
−		+	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/>
−	[[File:04 03 40 life cycle, Meliolales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Meliolales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+
−		+
−	Life cycle, Meliolales, Ascomycota	+
−		+
−	Based on Rodríguez Justavino (2006).	+
−		+
−	Rodríguez Justavino, D. 2006. Meliolaceae aus Panama. Ph.D. thesis, University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany.	+
−		+
−	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis	+
−		+
	Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.		Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
−	[[File:04 03 42 fruiting bodies, Phyllachorales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Phyllachorales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.89 Fungi Ascomycota Phyllachorales Phyllachora Coccodiella Camarotella Ophiodothella Trabutia 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Phyllachorales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+	Fruiting bodies of Phyllachorales, Ascomycota<br/>
−	Fruiting bodies, Phyllachorales, Ascomycota	+
−		+
	In collaboration with Tanja Trampe.		In collaboration with Tanja Trampe.
−	[[File:04 03 43 life cycle, Phyllachorales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Phyllachorales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.90 Fungi Ascomycota Phyllachorales life cycle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Phyllachorales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+	Life cycle of Phyllachorales, Ascomycota<br/>
−	Life cycle, Phyllachorales, Ascomycota	+	Based on Trampe (2009).<br/>
−		+	Trampe, T. 2009. Neotropical tarspot fungi – exploration of Phyllachorales in Panama. Ph.D. thesis, University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany.<br/>
−	Based on Trampe (2009).	+	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/>
−		+
−	Trampe, T. 2009. Neotropical tarspot fungi – exploration of Phyllachorales in Panama. Ph.D. thesis, University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany.	+
−		+
−	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis	+
−		+
	Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.		Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
−	[[File:04 03 45 fruiting bodies, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:04 03 45 fruiting bodies, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)('''Old version''')]]
		+	('''Old version''') Fruiting bodies of Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota
−	Fruiting bodies, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota
−
−
−	[[File:04 03 46 types of hamathecia, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of hamathecia, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−
−	Types of hamathecia, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota
−
−	Based on Eriksson (1981).
		+	[[File:04 03 46 types of hamathecia, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of hamathecia, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)('''Old version''')]]
		+	('''Old version''') Types of hamathecia, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota<br/>
		+	Based on Eriksson (1981).<br/>
	Eriksson, O. 1981. The families of bitunicate ascomycetes. Opera Botanica 60: 1-209.		Eriksson, O. 1981. The families of bitunicate ascomycetes. Opera Botanica 60: 1-209.
−	[[File:04 03 48 asexual forms, Mycosphaerella, Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Asexual forms, Mycosphaerella, Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.104 Ascomycota Dothideomycetes Capnodiales cercosporoid fungi Ramularia Cercospora Cladosporium 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Asexual forms, Mycosphaerella, Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	Asexual forms, ''Mycosphaerella'', Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota
−	Asexual forms, Mycosphaerella, Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota
−
−
−	[[File:04 03 49 life cycle, Mycosphaerella, Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Mycosphaerella, Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−
−	Life cycle, Mycosphaerella, Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota
−
−	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
		+	[[File:Abb3.105 Ascomycota Dothideomycetes Capnodiales Mycosphaerella Ramularia life cycle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Mycosphaerella, Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	Life cycle of ''Mycosphaerella'' sp. with its asexual form ''Ramularia'' sp., Capnodiales, Ascomycota<br/>
		+	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/>
	Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.		Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
−	[[File:04 03 50 fruiting body, ascus, ascospore, Myriangium sp., Myriangiales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting body, ascus, ascospore, Myriangium sp., Myriangiales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:04 03 50 fruiting body, ascus, ascospore, Myriangium sp., Myriangiales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting body, ascus, ascospore, Myriangium sp., Myriangiales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)('''Old version''')]]
		+	('''Old version''') Fruiting body, ascus, ascospore, ''Myriangium'' sp., Myriangiales, Ascomycota
−	Fruiting body, ascus, ascospore, Myriangium sp., Myriangiales, Ascomycota
−
−
−	[[File:04 03 52 asexual forms, Hyphomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Asexual forms, Hyphomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	[[File:Abb3.109 Ascomycota Pleosporales Hyphomycetes Alternaria Stemphylium Helminthosporium Cuvularia Bipolaris 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Asexual forms, Hyphomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Asexual forms, Hyphomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota		Asexual forms, Hyphomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota
−	[[File:04 03 53 asexual forms, Coelomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Asexual forms, Coelomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.110 Ascomycota Dothideomycetes Pleosporales Coelomycetes Ascochyta Phoma Septoria 2021 en(M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Asexual forms, Coelomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+
	Asexual forms, Coelomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota		Asexual forms, Coelomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota
		+	[[File:Abb3.112_Ascomycota_Dothideomycetes_Pleosporales_Pleospora_Stemphylium_Entwicklungsgang_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|(diagram by M. Pipenbring)]]
−	[[File:04 03 55 fruiting bodies, Asterinaceae, Microthyriales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Asterinaceae, Microthyriales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.116 Ascomycota Dothideomycetes Thyriothecien Asterinaceae Microthyriales Scutellum 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Asterinaceae, Microthyriales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+	Fruiting bodies, Asterinaceae, Microthyriales, Ascomycota<br/>
−	Fruiting bodies, Asterinaceae, Microthyriales, Ascomycota	+	Based on Hofmann (2009).<br/>
−		+
−	Based on Hofmann (2009).	+
−		+
	Hofmann, T.A. 2009. Plant parasitic Asterinaceae and Microthyriaceae from the Neotropics (Panama). Ph.D. thesis, University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany.		Hofmann, T.A. 2009. Plant parasitic Asterinaceae and Microthyriaceae from the Neotropics (Panama). Ph.D. thesis, University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
		+	[[File:Abb3.118_Ascomycota_Dothideomycetes_Asterinales_Asterina_Asterinella_Entwicklungsgang_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|(diagrams by M. Pipenbring)]]
−	[[File:04 03 57 c 18a proliferation of ascogenous hyphae, normal development, ascus, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 18a proliferation of ascogenous hyphae, normal development, ascus, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−	C 18a proliferation of ascogenous hyphae, normal development, ascus, Ascomycota	+	[[File:04 03 57 c 18a proliferation of ascogenous hyphae, normal development, ascus, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 18a proliferation of ascogenous hyphae, normal development, ascus, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)('''Old version''')]]
		+	('''Old version''') Poliferation of ascogenous hypha, ascus, Ascomycota
−	[[File:04 03 58 fruiting body, Antoniomyces loranthicola, Parmulariaceae, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting body, Antoniomyces loranthicola, Parmulariaceae, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:04 03 58 fruiting body, Antoniomyces loranthicola, Parmulariaceae, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting body, Antoniomyces loranthicola, Parmulariaceae, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)('''Old version''')]]
−		+	('''Old version''') Fruiting body, ''Antoniomyces loranthicola'', Parmulariaceae, Ascomycota <br/>
−	Fruiting body, Antoniomyces loranthicola, Parmulariaceae, Ascomycota	+	Based on Inácio et al. (2012).<br/>
−		+
−	Based on Inácio et al. (2012).	+
−		+
	Inácio, C., K. Araúz & M. Piepenbring. 2012. A new genus of Parmulariaceae from Panama. Mycological Progress (published online 2011)		Inácio, C., K. Araúz & M. Piepenbring. 2012. A new genus of Parmulariaceae from Panama. Mycological Progress (published online 2011)
−	[[File:04 03 60 life cycle, Laboulbenia sp., Laboulbeniales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Laboulbenia sp., Laboulbeniales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.100 Fungi Ascomycota Laboulbeniales life cycle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Laboulbenia sp., Laboulbeniales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+	Life cycle of ''Laboulbenia'' sp., Laboulbeniales, Ascomycota<br/>
−	Life cycle, Laboulbenia sp., Laboulbeniales, Ascomycota	+	Based on Scheloske (1969).<br/>
−		+	Scheloske, H.-W. 1969. Beiträge zur Biologie, Ökologie und Systematik der Laboulbeniales (Ascomycetes). Parasitologische Schriftenreihe 19: 1-176.<br/>
−	Based on Scheloske (1969).	+	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/>
−		+
−	Scheloske, H.-W. 1969. Beiträge zur Biologie, Ökologie und Systematik der Laboulbeniales (Ascomycetes). Parasitologische Schriftenreihe 19: 1-176.	+
−		+
−	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis	+
−		+
	Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.		Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
−	[[File:04 04 01 systematic groups including yeasts (written in red), Ascomycota, Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Systematic groups including yeasts (written in red), Ascomycota, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.120 Basidiomycota Ascomycota Hefen Systematik 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Systematic groups including yeasts (written in red), Ascomycota, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+
	Systematic groups including yeasts (written in red), Ascomycota, Basidiomycota		Systematic groups including yeasts (written in red), Ascomycota, Basidiomycota
		+	[[File:Abb3.121_Ascomycota_Saccaromycetales_Hefen_zelluläre_Strukturen_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|(diagramm by M. Pipenbring)]]
−	[[File:04 04 03 life cycles of yeasts, Saccharomycetales, Schizosaccharomycetales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycles of yeasts, Saccharomycetales, Schizosaccharomycetales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−
−	Life cycles of yeasts, Saccharomycetales, Schizosaccharomycetales, Ascomycota
−
−	Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
−
−	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
−
−	Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
−
−
−	[[File:04 05 01 life cycle, Taphrina deformans, Taphrinales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Taphrina deformans, Taphrinales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−
−	Life cycle, Taphrina deformans, Taphrinales, Ascomycota
−
−	Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
−
−	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
−
−	Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
		+	[[File:Abb3.123 Ascomycota Saccharomycetales Saccharomyces Entwicklungsgang diplohaplontisch haplontisch 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycles of yeasts, Saccharomycetales, Schizosaccharomycetales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	[[File:Abb3.130 Ascomycota Schizosaccharomycetales Schizosaccharomyces pombe S. octosporus Entwicklungsgang haplontisch 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px]]
		+	Life cycles of yeasts, Saccharomycetales, Schizosaccharomycetales, Ascomycota<br/>
		+	Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.<br/>
		+	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/>
		+	Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.<br/>
		+	[[File:Abb3.129_Ascomycota_Taphrinales__Taphrina_deformans_Entwicklungsgang_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Taphrina deformans, Taphrinales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	Life cycle of ''Taphrina deformans'', Taphrinales, Ascomycota<br/>
		+	Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.<br/>
		+	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/>
		+	Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.<br/>
	==Lichens==		==Lichens==
		+	[[File:Abb4.1 Lichenes lichens interaction fungus alga Mykobiont Photobiont 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Interactions green alga (green), fungal hypha, lichen, Lichenes (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	Interactions, green alga (green), fungal hypha, lichen, Lichenes
−	[[File:05 01 organisms forming lichens, Lichenes (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Organisms forming lichens, Lichenes (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−
−	Organisms forming lichens, Lichenes
−
−	Combinations of the most important organisms forming lichens. The triangle indicates that certain ascolichens include green algae and cyanobacteria.
−
−
−	[[File:05 02 interactions green alga (green), fungal hypha, lichen, Lichenes (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Interactions green alga (green), fungal hypha, lichen, Lichenes (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−
−	Interactions green alga (green), fungal hypha, lichen, Lichenes
−
−
−	[[File:05 04 systematic position of lichenized Ascomycota (written in green), Lichenes (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Systematic position of lichenized Ascomycota (written in green), Lichenes (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−
−	Systematic position of lichenized Ascomycota (written in green), Lichenes
		+	[[File:Abb4.8_Ascomycota_Ascolichenes_Flechten_Systematik_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Systematic position of lichenized Ascomycota (written in green), Lichenes (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	Systematic position of lichenized Ascomycota (written in green), Lichenes<br/>
	Phylogenetic position of lichenized species among Ascomycota (simplified). Names written in green indicate groups of lichens. Names written with green and black letters refer to groups which include lichenized and non-lichenized species.		Phylogenetic position of lichenized species among Ascomycota (simplified). Names written in green indicate groups of lichens. Names written with green and black letters refer to groups which include lichenized and non-lichenized species.
−	[[File:05 05 growth forms of lichens, Lichenes (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Growth forms of lichens, Lichenes (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb4.9 Lichenes lichens growth forms 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Growth forms of lichens, Lichenes (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+
	Growth forms of lichens, Lichenes		Growth forms of lichens, Lichenes
−	[[File:05 09 anatomy of the thallus, green alga, cyanobacterium, lichen, Lichenes (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Anatomy of the thallus, green alga, cyanobacterium, lichen, Lichenes (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb4.10 Lichenes lichens thallus anatomy heteromerous homoiomerous 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Anatomy of the thallus, green alga, cyanobacterium, lichen, Lichenes (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+
	Anatomy of the thallus, green alga, cyanobacterium, lichen, Lichenes		Anatomy of the thallus, green alga, cyanobacterium, lichen, Lichenes
−	[[File:05 10 anatomy of the thallus, details, lichens, Lichenes (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Anatomy of the thallus, details, lichens, Lichenes (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb4.11_Lichenes_Flechten_Thallusanatomie_Rhizine_Cyphelle_Cephalodium_Isidie_Soral_Soredie_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Anatomy of the thallus, details, lichens, Lichenes (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+	[[File:Abb4.12 Lichenes lichen thallus anatomy apothecium thalline epithecium perithecium mazaedium 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px]]
	Anatomy of the thallus, details, lichens, Lichenes		Anatomy of the thallus, details, lichens, Lichenes
−	[[File:05 11 asci and ascospores of lichens, Lichenes (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Asci and ascospores of lichens, Lichenes (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb4.54_Lichenes_Flechten_Strigula_Ascus_Ascosporen_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Asci and ascospores of lichens, Lichenes (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+	[[File:Abb4.48 Lichenes Flechten Arthoniales Asci Ascosporen Arthonia 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px]]
	Asci and ascospores of lichens, Lichenes		Asci and ascospores of lichens, Lichenes
		+	[[File:Abb4.57_Basidiomycota_Stammbaum_Flechten_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|(diagram by M. Pipenbring)]]
	==Glomeromycota==		==Glomeromycota==
−	[[File:06 03 chlamydospores and siphonal hyphae of a sporocarp, Glomeromycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Chlamydospores and siphonal hyphae of a sporocarp, Glomeromycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb5.14 Glomeromycota Glomus chlamydospores 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Chlamydospores and siphonal hyphae of a sporocarp, Glomeromycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+
	Chlamydospores and siphonal hyphae of a sporocarp, Glomeromycota		Chlamydospores and siphonal hyphae of a sporocarp, Glomeromycota
−	[[File:06 04 c 19a arbuscular mycorrhiza, Glomeromycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 19a arbuscular mycorrhiza, Glomeromycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb5.10 Glomeromycota arbuscular mycorrhiza arbuscules coil vesicle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 19a arbuscular mycorrhiza, Glomeromycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+	Arbuscular mycorrhiza, Glomeromycota<br/>
−	C 19a arbuscular mycorrhiza, Glomeromycota	+
−		+
	In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke.		In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke.
−
	==Zygomycota==		==Zygomycota==
−	[[File:06 05 sporangiophores, sporangia, conidia, liberation of spores, Mucorales, Zygomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Sporangiophores, sporangia, conidia, liberation of spores, Mucorales, Zygomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb5.3 Mucoromycota Mucorales sporangiophores Mucor Absidia Rhizopus Thamnidium Choanephora Pilobolus 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Sporangiophores, sporangia, conidia, liberation of spores, Mucorales, Zygomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+
	Sporangiophores, sporangia, conidia, liberation of spores, Mucorales, Zygomycota		Sporangiophores, sporangia, conidia, liberation of spores, Mucorales, Zygomycota
−	[[File:06 06 zygospores, Mucorales, Zygomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Zygospores, Mucorales, Zygomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb5.4 Mucoromycota Mucorales zygospores Mucor Absidia Phycomyces Zygorhynchus 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Zygospores, Mucorales, Zygomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+	Zygospores of Mucorales, Zygomycota<br/>
−	Zygospores, Mucorales, Zygomycota	+
−		+
	Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.		Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
−	[[File:06 07 life cycle, Mucor sp., Mucorales, Zygomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Mucor sp., Mucorales, Zygomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb5.5_Mucoromycota_Mucorales_Entwicklungsgang_Mucor_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Mucor sp., Mucorales, Zygomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+	Life cycle of ''Mucor'' sp., Mucorales, Zygomycota<br/>
−	Life cycle, Mucor sp., Mucorales, Zygomycota	+	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/>
−		+
−	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis	+
−		+
	Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.		Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
−	[[File:06 08 conidiogenous cells, conidia, Conidiobolus sp., Zygomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Conidiogenous cells, conidia, Conidiobolus sp., Zygomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb5.17 Entomophthoromycota Entomophthorales Conidiobolus conidia 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Conidiogenous cells, conidia, Conidiobolus sp., Zygomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+	Conidiogenous cells and conidia of ''Conidiobolus'' sp., Zygomycota
−	Conidiogenous cells, conidia, Conidiobolus sp., Zygomycota	+
−		+
−		+
	==Chytridiomycota==		==Chytridiomycota==
		+	[[File:Abb5.18 Chytridiomycota thalli sporangia holocarpic eucarpic monocentric polycentric 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of thalli, Chytridiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	Types of thalli of Chytridiomycota
−	[[File:06 10 types of thalli, Chytridiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of thalli, Chytridiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−
−	Types of thalli, Chytridiomycota
−
−
−	[[File:06 11 life cycle, Synchytrium endobioticum on potato, Chytridiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Synchytrium endobioticum on potato, Chytridiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−
−	Life cycle, Synchytrium endobioticum on potato, Chytridiomycota
−
−	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
		+	[[File:Abb5.21_Chytridiomycota_Chytridiales_Synchytrium_endobioticum_Entwicklungsgang_Kartoffelkrebs_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Synchytrium endobioticum on potato, Chytridiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	Life cycle of ''Synchytrium endobioticum'' on potato, Chytridiomycota<br/>
		+	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/>
	Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.		Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
−	[[File:06 12 life cycle, asexual, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Chytridiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, asexual, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Chytridiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb5.23 Chytridiomycota Rhizophydiales Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis life cycle frogs amphibia 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, asexual, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Chytridiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+	Life cycle of ''Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis'', asexual, Chytridiomycota<br/>
−	Life cycle, asexual, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Chytridiomycota	+	Based on Longcore et al. (1999).<br/>
−		+
−	Based on Longcore et al. (1999).	+
−		+
	Longcore, J.E., A.P. Pessier & D.K. Nichols. 1999. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis gen. et sp. nov., a chytrid pathogenic to amphibians. Mycologia 91: 219-227.		Longcore, J.E., A.P. Pessier & D.K. Nichols. 1999. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis gen. et sp. nov., a chytrid pathogenic to amphibians. Mycologia 91: 219-227.
−
−
	==Oomycetes==		==Oomycetes==
−	[[File:07 01 phylogeny, simplified, Oomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Phylogeny, simplified, Oomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb6.2 Oomycota phylogeny simplified Peronosporales Albuginales Saprolegniales 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Phylogeny, simplified, Oomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+
	Phylogeny, simplified, Oomycota		Phylogeny, simplified, Oomycota
−	[[File:07 03 asexual structures, Saprolegniales, Oomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Asexual structures, Saprolegniales, Oomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb6.4 Oomycota Saprolegniales sporangia Achlya Saprolegnia Thraustotheca Dictyuchus Aplanes 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Asexual structures, Saprolegniales, Oomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+	Asexual structures of Saprolegniales, Oomycota<br/>
−	Asexual structures, Saprolegniales, Oomycota	+	Based on Gäumann (1964).<br/>
−		+
−	Based on Gäumann (1964).	+
−		+
	Gäumann, E. 1964. Die Pilze, Grundzüge ihrer Entwicklungsgeschichte und Morphologie, 2nd edition. Birkhäuser, Basel, Stuttgart.		Gäumann, E. 1964. Die Pilze, Grundzüge ihrer Entwicklungsgeschichte und Morphologie, 2nd edition. Birkhäuser, Basel, Stuttgart.
−	[[File:07 04 life cycle, Saprolegnia sp., Saprolegniales, Oomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Saprolegnia sp., Saprolegniales, Oomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb6.6_Oomycota_Saprolegniales_Saprolegnia_Entwicklungsgang_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Saprolegnia sp., Saprolegniales, Oomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	Life cycle of ''Saprolegnia'' sp., Saprolegniales, Oomycota
−	Life cycle, Saprolegnia sp., Saprolegniales, Oomycota
		+	[[File:Abb6.12_Oomycota_Peronosporales_Konidiophoren_Bremia_Phytophthora_Pseudoperonospora_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Sporangiophores, Phytophthora, Pseudoperonospora, Peronosporales, Oomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	Sporangiophores of ''Phytophthora infestans'' and ''Pseudoperonospora cubensis'', Peronosporales, Oomycota
−	[[File:07 05 sorus, sporangia, Albugo sp., Albuginales, Oomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Sorus, sporangia, Albugo sp., Albuginales, Oomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−
−	Sorus, sporangia, Albugo sp., Albuginales, Oomycota
−
−	Main drawing based on a drawing by Alexandra Riethmüller.
−
−
−	[[File:07 06 sporangiophores, Phytophthora, Pseudoperonospora, Peronosporales, Oomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Sporangiophores, Phytophthora, Pseudoperonospora, Peronosporales, Oomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−
−	Sporangiophores, Phytophthora, Pseudoperonospora, Peronosporales, Oomycota
−
−
−	[[File:07 07 asexual structures, Saprolegniales, Albuginales, Peronosporales, Oomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Asexual structures, Saprolegniales, Albuginales, Peronosporales, Oomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−
−	Asexual structures, Saprolegniales, Albuginales, Peronosporales, Oomycota
		+	[[File:Abb6.13_Oomycota_Saprolegniales_Peronosporales_Albuginales_Sporangien_Vergleich_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Asexual structures, Saprolegniales, Albuginales, Peronosporales, Oomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	Asexual structures of Saprolegniales, Albuginales, Peronosporales, Oomycota<br/>
	Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.		Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
−	[[File:07 08 life cycle, Phytophthora infestans on potato, Peronosporales, Oomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Phytophthora infestans on potato, Peronosporales, Oomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb6.14 Oomycota Peronosporales Phytophthora infestans life cycle Solanum tuberosum 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Phytophthora infestans on potato, Peronosporales, Oomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+	Life cycle of ''Phytophthora infestans'' on potato, Peronosporales, Oomycota<br/>
−	Life cycle, Phytophthora infestans on potato, Peronosporales, Oomycota	+	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/>
−		+
−	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis	+
−		+
	Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.		Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
−		+	[[File:Abb6.1_Heterokonta_Straminipila_heterokonte_Zoospore_Mastigonema_Peitschengeißel_2022_(M._Piepenbring).png|none|600px|(diagram by M. Pipenbring)]]
	==Protistean fungi==		==Protistean fungi==
−	[[File:08 01 phylogeny, protistean fungi, slime molds, Myxomycota and other groups (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Phylogeny, protistean fungi, slime molds, Myxomycota and other groups (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb6.15 slime moulds Mycetozoa Myxomycota Myxomycetes Dictyostelea Acrasiales Plasmodiophorales systematics 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Phylogeny, protistean fungi, slime molds, Myxomycota and other groups (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+	Phylogeny of protistean fungi, slime molds, Myxomycota and other groups<br/>
−	Phylogeny, protistean fungi, slime molds, Myxomycota and other groups	+
−		+
	Groups of mucilaginous fungi classified among protists. For orders, only the mycological names are cited. For classes and divisions, zoological names are cited first, and mycological names are added in quotation marks.		Groups of mucilaginous fungi classified among protists. For orders, only the mycological names are cited. For classes and divisions, zoological names are cited first, and mycological names are added in quotation marks.
−	[[File:08 04 morphological concepts, orders of Myxomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Morphological concepts, orders of Myxomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb6.18 plasmodial slime moulds Myxogastrea Echinosteliales Liceales Trichiales Stemonitales Physarales 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Morphological concepts, orders of Myxomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+	Morphological concepts, orders of Myxomycota<br/>
−	Morphological concepts, orders of Myxomycota	+
−		+
	Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.		Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
−	[[File:08 05 life cycle, Stemonitis sp., Stemonitales, Myxomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Stemonitis sp., Stemonitales, Myxomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb6.19 plasmodial slime moulds Myxogastrea Stemonitis life cycle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Stemonitis sp., Stemonitales, Myxomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+	Life cycle of ''Stemonitis'' sp., Stemonitales, Myxomycota<br/>
−	Life cycle, Stemonitis sp., Stemonitales, Myxomycota	+	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/>
−		+
−	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis	+
−		+
	Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.		Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
−	[[File:08 06 life cycle, asexual, Dictyostelium sp., Dictyosteliales, Myxomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, asexual, Dictyostelium sp., Dictyosteliales, Myxomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb6.23 cellular slime moulds Dictyostelea Dictyostelium life cycle asexual 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, asexual, Dictyostelium sp., Dictyosteliales, Myxomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−		+	Life cycle of ''Dictyostelium'' sp., asexual, Dictyosteliales, Myxomycota<br/>
−	Life cycle, asexual, Dictyostelium sp., Dictyosteliales, Myxomycota	+	Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.<br/>
−		+	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/>
−	Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.	+
−		+
−	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis	+
−		+
	Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.		Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
−	[[File:08 07 life cycle, sexual, Dictyostelium sp., Dictyosteliales, Myxomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, sexual, Dictyostelium sp., Dictyosteliales, Myxomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb6.24 cellular slime moulds Dictyostelea Dictyostelium life cycle sexual hypothetic 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, sexual, Dictyostelium sp., Dictyosteliales, Myxomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]<br/>
−		+	Life cycle of ''Dictyostelium'' sp., sexual, Dictyosteliales, Myxomycota<br/>
−	Life cycle, sexual, Dictyostelium sp., Dictyosteliales, Myxomycota	+	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/>
−		+
−	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis	+
−		+
	Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.		Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
−	[[File:08 08 life cycle, Plasmodiophora brassicae in cabbage, Plasmodiophoromycetes (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Plasmodiophora brassicae in cabbage, Plasmodiophoromycetes (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb6.28 Plasmodiophorales Plasmodiophora brassicae life cycle Brassica oleracea clubroot 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Plasmodiophora brassicae in cabbage, Plasmodiophoromycetes (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]<br/>
−		+	Life cycle of ''Plasmodiophora brassicae'' in cabbage, Plasmodiophoromycetes<br/>
−	Life cycle, Plasmodiophora brassicae in cabbage, Plasmodiophoromycetes	+	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis<br/>
−		+
−	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis	+
−		+
	Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.		Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
−
−
−
−	----
−
−	These diagrams are also [[Diagramas micológicos elaborado por M. Piepenbring |available in Spanish]].

---

Latest revision as of 22:15, 5 September 2022

(These diagrams are also available in Spanish)

All diagrams

Introduction

These diagrams have been created for teaching of mycology and phytopathology. They are shared here in order to extend our knowledge on fungi, especially those living in the tropics.

Phylogeny of fungi (names in bold), simplified

Cellular structures of fungi and algae

Vegetative development starting from a hypha

Life cycle, generations and nuclear stages
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Types of fertilization
Different types of fertilization. Long, red arrows indicate direction of movement. Short red arrows indicate growth by which compatible cells get in contact with each other and fuse. Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

(Old version) Groups of Fungi
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

(Old version) Divisions of true fungi, Fungi, simplified

Life cycle with dikaryotic stage, Ascomycota Basidiomycota

Chitin and ergosterol, Fungi

Basidiomycota

Phylogeny of Basidiomycota

Development of a clamp connection
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Types of basidia

Discharge of a ballistospore
Based on Money (1998), simplified.
Money, N.P. 1998. More g’s than the space shuttle: ballistospore discharge. Mycologia 90: 547-558.

Development starting from a basidiospore

Pores in septa of hyphae of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota

Life cycle of Basidiomycota, basidium
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Types of fruiting bodies, Basidiomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

(Old version) Concepts of Agaricales and Polyporales, Basidiomycota

Connections of a lamella to the stipe, Agaricales Basidiomycota

Hemiangiocarpic fruiting body of Amanita sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota
Modified after diagrams by Yang Zhu-Liang; with permission.

Life cycle of Agaricus sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Bromatium of leaf-cutting ants, asexual stage of Agaricales Basidiomycota

(Old version) Escovopsis weberi, parasite of the fungus cultivated by leaf-cutting ants, conidiophore with conidia, asexual form of Hypocreales, Ascomycota

Termite nest, Termitomyces sp., Termitosphaera sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota
Diagram on the left hand side based on Heim (1977) and Buyck (1994).
Buyck, B. 1994. Ubwoba: les champignons comestibles de l'Ouest du Burundi. Publ. Agric. 34.
Heim, R. 1977. Termites et champignons. Les champignons termitophiles d´Afrique Noire et d´Asie méridionale. Société Nouvelle des Éditions Boubée, Paris.
Drawing on the right hand side based on a drawing by Roland Kirschner, used with permission.

(Old version) Hyphae with conidia of Moniliophthora roreri, asexual stage of Agaricales Basidiomycota

Ectomycorrhizae in their habitat, Boletales Basidiomycota (left hand side) and Tuberales Ascomycota (right hand side)
In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke.

Ectomycorrhiza anatomy, Basidiomycota
In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke.

Monotropa uniflora, mycoheterotrophic (erroneously called saprotrophic) plant with its fungus in the habitat
In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke.

(Old version) Types of hymenophores of Polyporales, Basidiomycota

Skeletal hyphae of Lentinus sp., Polyporales Basidiomycota

(Old version) Hypha with conidia of Allescheriella crocea, asexual form of Basidiomycota

Types of fruiting bodies of gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota

Types of basidia of gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota

Fruiting bodies of Geastraceae, gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota

Fruiting bodies of Phallales, gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota

Classification of Auriculariales and Tremellales, Basidiomycota

Hymenium with basidium and basidiospores of Exidiopsis basidia, Auriculariales Basidiomycota

Phylogeny of smut fungi (black, bold) and closely related groups, Basidiomycota

Basidia of smut fungi, Basidiomycota

Sori of smut fungi, Basidiomycota

Life cycle of Ustilago maydis on corn, Ustilaginales Basidiomycota
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Life cycle of Tilletia ayresii on Panicum maximum, Tilletiales Basidiomycota
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Teliospore ball of Doassansia sagittariae in a leaf, Doassansiales Basidiomycota

Teliospores, a basidium, and dikaryotic cells of Entyloma sp. in a leaf, Entylomatales Basidiomycota

Fruiting body with elaters and basidia of Graphiola spp., Exobasidiales Basidiomycota

Life cycle of Graphiola phoenicis, Exobasidiales Basidiomycota
Based on Cole (1983) and Oberwinkler et al. (1982).
Cole, G.T. 1983. Graphiola phoenicis: a taxonomic enigma. Mycologia 75: 93-116.
Oberwinkler, F., R.J. Bandoni, P. Blanz, G. Deml & L. Kisimova-Horovitz. 1982. Graphiolales: Basidiomycetes parasitic on palms. Pl. Syst. Evol. 140: 251-277.
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Teliospores of rust fungi, Pucciniales Basidiomycota

Column of germinating teliospores of Cionothrix praelonga, Pucciniales Basidiomycota

Life cycle of Puccinia graminis on a grass, Pucciniales Basidiomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Life cycle of Septobasidium sp. on scale insects on bark of a living tree, Septobasidiales Basidiomycota

(Old version) Fruiting body with basidia of Atractiella delectans, Atractiellales Basidiomycota

(Old version) Hypha with a conidiogenous cell and a conidium of Hobsonia mirabilis, asexual form of Atractiellales Basidiomycota

Ascomycota

Phylogeny, subphyla of Ascomycota

(Old version) Life cycle of Ascomycota, ascus
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Morphological groups, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi

Types of conidia, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi

Types of conidiogenesis, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi

Conidia, Ingoldian Hyphomycetes, staurospores, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi

Phylogeny of Pezizomycotina

Fruiting bodies of Ascomycota

(Old version) Stilboid fungus, Helotiales, Ascomycota

Types of asci, Ascomycota

Morphological groups, orders, Ascomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Ascospores, Ascomycota

Life cycle of Pezizales, Ascomycota
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Fruiting bodies of Pezizales, Ascomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Arthrobotrys superba, asexual, nematode trapping, Orbiliales, Ascomycota (drawing by R. Kirschner)

Fruiting bodies, Helotiales, Leotiales, Ascomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Fruiting bodies, Rhytismatales, Ascomycota

Life cycle of Rhytisma acerinum with its asexual form Melasmia acerina, Rhytismatales, Ascomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Hou Cheng-Lin; with permission.

Brasiliomyces chasmothecium, chasmothecium, Erysiphales, Ascomycota

Life cycle of Erysiphales with its asexual form Oidium sp., Ascomycota
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Conidiophores of Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Eurotiales, Ascomycota

Life cycle of Neurospora sp. with its asexual form Chrysonilia sp., Sordariales, Ascomycota
Based on Webster & Weber (2007), simplified.
Webster, J. & R.W.S. Weber. 2007. Introduction to fungi. Cambridge University Press.

Classification of Hypocreales, Clavicipitales, Clavicipitaceae, Ascomycota

Fruiting bodies of Hypocreales (without Clavicipitaceae), Ascomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Life cycle of Hypocrea sp. with its asexual form Trichoderma sp., Hypocreales, Ascomycota
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Fruiting bodies of Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota

Life cycle of Claviceps purpurea with its asexual form Sphacelia sp., Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Fungi hyperparasitic on insects on plants, Hypocreales, Ascomycota

Fruiting bodies of Xylariales, Ascomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

(Old version) Fruiting bodies of Xylariales, Boliniales, Ascomycota

(Old version) Fruiting bodies, ascospores, asexual forms, Xylariales, Ascomycota

Fruiting bodies of Meliolales, Ascomycota

Life cycle of Meliolales, Ascomycota
Based on Rodríguez Justavino (2006).
Rodríguez Justavino, D. 2006. Meliolaceae aus Panama. Ph.D. thesis, University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Fruiting bodies of Phyllachorales, Ascomycota
In collaboration with Tanja Trampe.

Life cycle of Phyllachorales, Ascomycota
Based on Trampe (2009).
Trampe, T. 2009. Neotropical tarspot fungi – exploration of Phyllachorales in Panama. Ph.D. thesis, University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

(Old version) Fruiting bodies of Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota

(Old version) Types of hamathecia, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota
Based on Eriksson (1981).
Eriksson, O. 1981. The families of bitunicate ascomycetes. Opera Botanica 60: 1-209.

Asexual forms, Mycosphaerella, Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota

Life cycle of Mycosphaerella sp. with its asexual form Ramularia sp., Capnodiales, Ascomycota
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

(Old version) Fruiting body, ascus, ascospore, Myriangium sp., Myriangiales, Ascomycota

Asexual forms, Hyphomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota

Asexual forms, Coelomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota

Fruiting bodies, Asterinaceae, Microthyriales, Ascomycota
Based on Hofmann (2009).
Hofmann, T.A. 2009. Plant parasitic Asterinaceae and Microthyriaceae from the Neotropics (Panama). Ph.D. thesis, University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

(Old version) Poliferation of ascogenous hypha, ascus, Ascomycota

(Old version) Fruiting body, Antoniomyces loranthicola, Parmulariaceae, Ascomycota
Based on Inácio et al. (2012).
Inácio, C., K. Araúz & M. Piepenbring. 2012. A new genus of Parmulariaceae from Panama. Mycological Progress (published online 2011)

Life cycle of Laboulbenia sp., Laboulbeniales, Ascomycota
Based on Scheloske (1969).
Scheloske, H.-W. 1969. Beiträge zur Biologie, Ökologie und Systematik der Laboulbeniales (Ascomycetes). Parasitologische Schriftenreihe 19: 1-176.
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Systematic groups including yeasts (written in red), Ascomycota, Basidiomycota

Life cycles of yeasts, Saccharomycetales, Schizosaccharomycetales, Ascomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Life cycle of Taphrina deformans, Taphrinales, Ascomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Lichens

Interactions, green alga (green), fungal hypha, lichen, Lichenes

Systematic position of lichenized Ascomycota (written in green), Lichenes
Phylogenetic position of lichenized species among Ascomycota (simplified). Names written in green indicate groups of lichens. Names written with green and black letters refer to groups which include lichenized and non-lichenized species.

Growth forms of lichens, Lichenes

Anatomy of the thallus, green alga, cyanobacterium, lichen, Lichenes

Anatomy of the thallus, details, lichens, Lichenes

Asci and ascospores of lichens, Lichenes

Glomeromycota

Chlamydospores and siphonal hyphae of a sporocarp, Glomeromycota

Arbuscular mycorrhiza, Glomeromycota
In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke.

Zygomycota

Sporangiophores, sporangia, conidia, liberation of spores, Mucorales, Zygomycota

Zygospores of Mucorales, Zygomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Life cycle of Mucor sp., Mucorales, Zygomycota
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Conidiogenous cells and conidia of Conidiobolus sp., Zygomycota

Chytridiomycota

Types of thalli of Chytridiomycota

Life cycle of Synchytrium endobioticum on potato, Chytridiomycota
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Life cycle of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, asexual, Chytridiomycota
Based on Longcore et al. (1999).
Longcore, J.E., A.P. Pessier & D.K. Nichols. 1999. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis gen. et sp. nov., a chytrid pathogenic to amphibians. Mycologia 91: 219-227.

Oomycetes

Phylogeny, simplified, Oomycota

Asexual structures of Saprolegniales, Oomycota
Based on Gäumann (1964).
Gäumann, E. 1964. Die Pilze, Grundzüge ihrer Entwicklungsgeschichte und Morphologie, 2nd edition. Birkhäuser, Basel, Stuttgart.

Life cycle of Saprolegnia sp., Saprolegniales, Oomycota

Sporangiophores of Phytophthora infestans and Pseudoperonospora cubensis, Peronosporales, Oomycota

Asexual structures of Saprolegniales, Albuginales, Peronosporales, Oomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Life cycle of Phytophthora infestans on potato, Peronosporales, Oomycota
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Protistean fungi

Phylogeny of protistean fungi, slime molds, Myxomycota and other groups
Groups of mucilaginous fungi classified among protists. For orders, only the mycological names are cited. For classes and divisions, zoological names are cited first, and mycological names are added in quotation marks.

Morphological concepts, orders of Myxomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Life cycle of Stemonitis sp., Stemonitales, Myxomycota
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Life cycle of Dictyostelium sp., asexual, Dictyosteliales, Myxomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Life cycle of Dictyostelium sp., sexual, Dictyosteliales, Myxomycota
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Life cycle of Plasmodiophora brassicae in cabbage, Plasmodiophoromycetes
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.