Difference between revisions of "Mycological teaching diagrams by Meike Piepenbring"

Revision as of 04:44, 29 November 2021 (view source) Alice Chodura (Talk | contribs) ← Older edit		Revision as of 14:54, 29 November 2021 (view source) Alice Chodura (Talk | contribs) (→‎Ascomycota) Newer edit →
Line 343:		Line 343:
−	[[File:04 01 01 phylogeny subphyla of Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Phylogeny subphyla of Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.1 Fungi Ascomycota Taphrinomycotina Saccharomycotina Pezizomycotina phylogeny 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Phylogeny subphyla of Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Phylogeny, subphyla of Ascomycota		Phylogeny, subphyla of Ascomycota
Line 350:		Line 350:
	[[File:04 01 02 life cycle Ascomycota, ascus (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle Ascomycota, ascus (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]		[[File:04 01 02 life cycle Ascomycota, ascus (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle Ascomycota, ascus (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−	Life cycle of Ascomycota, ascus	+	Life cycle of Ascomycota, ascus ('''Old version''')
	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis		Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Line 357:		Line 357:
−	[[File:04 02 01 morphological groups, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Morphological groups, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.8 asexual fungi Fungi Imperfecti form groups hyphomycetes coelomycetes 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Morphological groups, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Morphological groups, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi		Morphological groups, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi
−	[[File:04 02 03 types of conidia, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of conidia, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.10 Fungi Ascomycota Fungi Imperfecti conidia types 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of conidia, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Types of conidia, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi		Types of conidia, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi
−	[[File:04 02 04 types of conidiogenesis, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of conidiogenesis, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.12 Fungi Ascomycota Fungi Imperfecti conidiogenous loci monoblastic polyblastic sympodial tretic 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of conidiogenesis, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Types of conidiogenesis, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi		Types of conidiogenesis, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi
−	[[File:04 02 05 conidia, Ingoldian Hyphomycetes, staurospores, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Conidia, Ingoldian Hyphomycetes, staurospores, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.9 Fungi Ascomycota Ingoldian hyphomycetes conidia aquatic fungi 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Conidia, Ingoldian Hyphomycetes, staurospores, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Conidia, Ingoldian Hyphomycetes, staurospores, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi		Conidia, Ingoldian Hyphomycetes, staurospores, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi
−	[[File:04 03 01 phylogeny, Pezizomycotina (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Phylogeny, Pezizomycotina (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.2 Fungi Ascomycota Pezizomycotina phylogeny 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Phylogeny, Pezizomycotina (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Phylogeny of Pezizomycotina		Phylogeny of Pezizomycotina
−	[[File:04 03 02 fruiting bodies, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.3 Fungi Ascomcoyta fruiting body apothecium perithecium cleistothecium pseudothecium chasmothecium 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Fruiting bodies of Ascomycota		Fruiting bodies of Ascomycota
Line 389:		Line 389:
	[[File:04 03 03 stilboid fungus, Helotiales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Stilboid fungus, Helotiales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]		[[File:04 03 03 stilboid fungus, Helotiales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Stilboid fungus, Helotiales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−	Stilboid fungus, Helotiales, Ascomycota	+	Stilboid fungus, Helotiales, Ascomycota ('''Old version''')
−	[[File:04 03 04 types of asci, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of asci, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.4 Fungi Ascomycota ascus asci prototunicate operculate bitunicate inoperculate 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of asci, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Types of asci, Ascomycota		Types of asci, Ascomycota
−	[[File:04 03 05 morphological groups, orders, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Morphological groups, orders, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.5 Fungi Ascomycota morphological groups unitunicate bitunicate ascohymenial ascolocular 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Morphological groups, orders, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Morphological groups, orders, Ascomycota		Morphological groups, orders, Ascomycota
Line 404:		Line 404:
−	[[File:04 03 06 ascospores, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Ascospores, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.6 Fungi Ascomycota ascospores diversity 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Ascospores, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Ascospores, Ascomycota		Ascospores, Ascomycota
−	[[File:04 03 07 life cycle, Pezizales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Pezizales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.7 Fungi Ascomycota Pezizales life cycle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Pezizales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Life cycle of Pezizales, Ascomycota		Life cycle of Pezizales, Ascomycota
Line 418:		Line 418:
−	[[File:04 03 09 fruiting bodies, Pezizales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Pezizales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.15 Fungi Ascomycota Pezizales fruiting bodies ascomata morphological series 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Pezizales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Fruiting bodies of Pezizales, Ascomycota		Fruiting bodies of Pezizales, Ascomycota
Line 425:		Line 425:
−	[[File:04 03 10 Arthrobotrys superba, asexual, nematode trapping, Orbiliales, Ascomycota (R. Kirschner).png|none|600px|Arthrobotrys superba, asexual, nematode trapping, Orbiliales, Ascomycota (R. Kirschner) (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.20 Fungi Ascomycota Orbiliales Arthrobotrys oligospora 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Arthrobotrys superba, asexual, nematode trapping, Orbiliales, Ascomycota (R. Kirschner) (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	''Arthrobotrys superba'', asexual, nematode trapping, Orbiliales, Ascomycota (drawing by R. Kirschner)		''Arthrobotrys superba'', asexual, nematode trapping, Orbiliales, Ascomycota (drawing by R. Kirschner)
−	[[File:04 03 12 fruiting bodies, Cyttariales, Helotiales, Leotiales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Cyttariales, Helotiales, Leotiales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.26 Fungi Ascomycota Helotiales fruiting bodies ascomata diversity 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Helotiales, Leotiales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−	Fruiting bodies, Cyttariales, Helotiales, Leotiales, Ascomycota	+	Fruiting bodies, Helotiales, Leotiales, Ascomycota
	Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.		Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
−	[[File:04 03 15 fruiting bodies, Rhytismatales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Rhytismatales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.34 Fungi Ascomycota Rhytismatales fruiting bodies ascomata diversity 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Rhytismatales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Fruiting bodies, Rhytismatales, Ascomycota		Fruiting bodies, Rhytismatales, Ascomycota
−	[[File:04 03 16 life cycle, Rhytisma acerinum, Rhytismatales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Rhytisma acerinum, Rhytismatales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.36 Fungi Ascomycota Rhytismatales Rhytisma acerinum life cycle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Rhytisma acerinum, Rhytismatales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Life cycle of ''Rhytisma acerinum'' with its asexual form ''Melasmia acerina'', Rhytismatales, Ascomycota		Life cycle of ''Rhytisma acerinum'' with its asexual form ''Melasmia acerina'', Rhytismatales, Ascomycota
Line 449:		Line 449:
−	[[File:04 03 18 Brasiliomyces malachrae, chasmothecium, Erysiphales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Brasiliomyces malachrae, chasmothecium, Erysiphales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.39 Fungi Ascomycota Erysiphales Brasiliomyces chasmothecium 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Brasiliomyces malachrae, chasmothecium, Erysiphales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	''Brasiliomyces malachrae'', chasmothecium, Erysiphales, Ascomycota		''Brasiliomyces malachrae'', chasmothecium, Erysiphales, Ascomycota
−	[[File:04 03 19 life cycle, Erysiphales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Erysiphales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.44 Fungi Ascomycota Erysiphales life cycle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Erysiphales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Life cycle of Erysiphales with its asexual form ''Oidium'' sp., Ascomycota		Life cycle of Erysiphales with its asexual form ''Oidium'' sp., Ascomycota
Line 463:		Line 463:
−	[[File:04 03 21 conidiophores, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Eurotiales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Conidiophores, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Eurotiales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.48 Fungi Ascomycota Eurotiales Aspergillus Penicillium conidiophores vesicle metulae 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Conidiophores, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Eurotiales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Conidiophores of ''Aspergillus'' sp., ''Penicillium'' sp., Eurotiales, Ascomycota		Conidiophores of ''Aspergillus'' sp., ''Penicillium'' sp., Eurotiales, Ascomycota
−	[[File:04 03 24 life cycle, Neurospora sp., Sordariales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Neurospora sp., Sordariales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.58 Fungi Ascomycota Sordariales Neurospora life cycle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Neurospora sp., Sordariales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Life cycle of ''Neurospora'' sp. with its asexual form ''Chrysonilia'' sp., Sordariales, Ascomycota		Life cycle of ''Neurospora'' sp. with its asexual form ''Chrysonilia'' sp., Sordariales, Ascomycota
Line 477:		Line 477:
−	[[File:04 03 25 classification Hypocreales, Clavicipitales, Clavicipitaceae, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Classification Hypocreales, Clavicipitales, Clavicipitaceae, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.59 Fungi Ascomycota Hypocreales Clavicipitales Clavicipitaceae phylogeny 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Classification Hypocreales, Clavicipitales, Clavicipitaceae, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Classification of Hypocreales, Clavicipitales, Clavicipitaceae, Ascomycota		Classification of Hypocreales, Clavicipitales, Clavicipitaceae, Ascomycota
−	[[File:04 03 27 fruiting bodies, Hypocreales (without Clavicipitaceae), Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Hypocreales (without Clavicipitaceae), Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.61 Fungi Ascomycota Hypocreales Nectria Hypomyces Hypocrea fruiting bodies diversity 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Hypocreales (without Clavicipitaceae), Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Fruiting bodies of Hypocreales (without Clavicipitaceae), Ascomycota		Fruiting bodies of Hypocreales (without Clavicipitaceae), Ascomycota
Line 489:		Line 489:
−	[[File:04 03 29 life cycle, Hypocrea sp., Hypocreales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Hypocrea sp., Hypocreales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.63 Fungi Ascomycota Hypocreales Trichoderma Hypocrea life cycle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Hypocrea sp., Hypocreales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Life cycle of ''Hypocrea'' sp. with its asexual form ''Trichoderma'' sp., Hypocreales, Ascomycota		Life cycle of ''Hypocrea'' sp. with its asexual form ''Trichoderma'' sp., Hypocreales, Ascomycota
Line 498:		Line 498:
−	[[File:04 03 31 fruiting bodies, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.73 Fungi Ascomycota Hypocreales Clavicipitaceae Claviceps Balansia Cordyceps Myriogenospora 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Fruiting bodies of Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota		Fruiting bodies of Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota
−	[[File:04 03 32 life cycle, Claviceps purpurea, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Claviceps purpurea, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.75 Fungi Ascomycota Hypocreales Clavicipitaceae Claviceps purpurea life cycle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Claviceps purpurea, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Life cycle of ''Claviceps purpurea'' with its asexual form ''Sphacelia'' sp., Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota		Life cycle of ''Claviceps purpurea'' with its asexual form ''Sphacelia'' sp., Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota
Line 512:		Line 512:
−	[[File:04 03 33 c 16b fungi hyperparasitic on insects on plants, Hypocreales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 16b fungi hyperparasitic on insects on plants, Hypocreales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.70 Fungi Ascomycota Hypocreales entomopathogenic Torrubiella fungus gall Cecidomyiidae 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 16b fungi hyperparasitic on insects on plants, Hypocreales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Fungi hyperparasitic on insects on plants, Hypocreales, Ascomycota		Fungi hyperparasitic on insects on plants, Hypocreales, Ascomycota
−	[[File:04 03 35 fruiting bodies, Xylariales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Xylariales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.78 Fungi Ascomycota Xylariales fruiting bodies diversity 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Xylariales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Fruiting bodies of Xylariales, Ascomycota		Fruiting bodies of Xylariales, Ascomycota
Line 526:		Line 526:
	[[File:04 03 36 fruiting bodies, Xylariales, Boliniales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Xylariales, Boliniales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]		[[File:04 03 36 fruiting bodies, Xylariales, Boliniales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Xylariales, Boliniales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−	Fruiting bodies of Xylariales, Boliniales, Ascomycota	+	Fruiting bodies of Xylariales, Boliniales, Ascomycota ('''Old Version''')
	[[File:04 03 37 fruiting bodies, ascospores, asexual forms, Xylariales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, ascospores, asexual forms, Xylariales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]		[[File:04 03 37 fruiting bodies, ascospores, asexual forms, Xylariales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, ascospores, asexual forms, Xylariales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−	Fruiting bodies, ascospores, asexual forms, Xylariales, Ascomycota	+	Fruiting bodies, ascospores, asexual forms, Xylariales, Ascomycota ('''Old version''')
−	[[File:04 03 39 fruiting bodies, Meliolales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Meliolales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.86 Fungi Ascomycota Meliolales fruiting bodies Meliola Appendiculella Asteridiella Irenopsis Amazonia 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Meliolales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Fruiting bodies of Meliolales, Ascomycota		Fruiting bodies of Meliolales, Ascomycota
−	[[File:04 03 40 life cycle, Meliolales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Meliolales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.87 Fungi Ascomycota Meliolales life cycle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Meliolales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Life cycle of Meliolales, Ascomycota		Life cycle of Meliolales, Ascomycota
Line 552:		Line 552:
−	[[File:04 03 42 fruiting bodies, Phyllachorales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Phyllachorales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.89 Fungi Ascomycota Phyllachorales Phyllachora Coccodiella Camarotella Ophiodothella Trabutia 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Phyllachorales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Fruiting bodies of Phyllachorales, Ascomycota		Fruiting bodies of Phyllachorales, Ascomycota
Line 559:		Line 559:
−	[[File:04 03 43 life cycle, Phyllachorales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Phyllachorales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.90 Fungi Ascomycota Phyllachorales life cycle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Phyllachorales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Life cycle of Phyllachorales, Ascomycota		Life cycle of Phyllachorales, Ascomycota
Line 574:		Line 574:
	[[File:04 03 45 fruiting bodies, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]		[[File:04 03 45 fruiting bodies, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−	Fruiting bodies of Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota	+	Fruiting bodies of Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota ('''Old version''')
	[[File:04 03 46 types of hamathecia, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of hamathecia, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]		[[File:04 03 46 types of hamathecia, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of hamathecia, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−	Types of hamathecia, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota	+	Types of hamathecia, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota ('''Old version''')
	Based on Eriksson (1981).		Based on Eriksson (1981).
Line 588:		Line 588:
	[[File:04 03 48 asexual forms, Mycosphaerella, Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Asexual forms, Mycosphaerella, Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]		[[File:04 03 48 asexual forms, Mycosphaerella, Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Asexual forms, Mycosphaerella, Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−	Asexual forms, ''Mycosphaerella'', Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota	+	Asexual forms, ''Mycosphaerella'', Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota ('''Old version''')
	[[File:04 03 49 life cycle, Mycosphaerella, Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Mycosphaerella, Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]		[[File:04 03 49 life cycle, Mycosphaerella, Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Mycosphaerella, Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−	Life cycle of ''Mycosphaerella'' sp. with its asexual form ''Pseudocercospora'' sp., Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota	+	Life cycle of ''Mycosphaerella'' sp. with its asexual form ''Pseudocercospora'' sp., Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota ('''Old version''')
	Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis		Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Line 602:		Line 602:
	[[File:04 03 50 fruiting body, ascus, ascospore, Myriangium sp., Myriangiales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting body, ascus, ascospore, Myriangium sp., Myriangiales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]		[[File:04 03 50 fruiting body, ascus, ascospore, Myriangium sp., Myriangiales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting body, ascus, ascospore, Myriangium sp., Myriangiales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−	Fruiting body, ascus, ascospore, ''Myriangium'' sp., Myriangiales, Ascomycota	+	Fruiting body, ascus, ascospore, ''Myriangium'' sp., Myriangiales, Ascomycota ('''Old version''')
−	[[File:04 03 52 asexual forms, Hyphomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Asexual forms, Hyphomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.109 Ascomycota Pleosporales Hyphomycetes Alternaria Stemphylium Helminthosporium Cuvularia Bipolaris 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Asexual forms, Hyphomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Asexual forms, Hyphomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota		Asexual forms, Hyphomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota
−	[[File:04 03 53 asexual forms, Coelomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Asexual forms, Coelomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.110 Ascomycota Dothideomycetes Pleosporales Coelomycetes Ascochyta Phoma Septoria 2021 en(M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Asexual forms, Coelomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Asexual forms, Coelomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota		Asexual forms, Coelomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota
−	[[File:04 03 55 fruiting bodies, Asterinaceae, Microthyriales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Asterinaceae, Microthyriales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.116 Ascomycota Dothideomycetes Thyriothecien Asterinaceae Microthyriales Scutellum 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Asterinaceae, Microthyriales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Fruiting bodies, Asterinaceae, Microthyriales, Ascomycota		Fruiting bodies, Asterinaceae, Microthyriales, Ascomycota
Line 626:		Line 626:
	[[File:04 03 57 c 18a proliferation of ascogenous hyphae, normal development, ascus, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 18a proliferation of ascogenous hyphae, normal development, ascus, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]		[[File:04 03 57 c 18a proliferation of ascogenous hyphae, normal development, ascus, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 18a proliferation of ascogenous hyphae, normal development, ascus, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−	Poliferation of ascogenous hypha, ascus, Ascomycota	+	Poliferation of ascogenous hypha, ascus, Ascomycota ('''Old version''')
	[[File:04 03 58 fruiting body, Antoniomyces loranthicola, Parmulariaceae, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting body, Antoniomyces loranthicola, Parmulariaceae, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]		[[File:04 03 58 fruiting body, Antoniomyces loranthicola, Parmulariaceae, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting body, Antoniomyces loranthicola, Parmulariaceae, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
−	Fruiting body, ''Antoniomyces loranthicola'', Parmulariaceae, Ascomycota	+	Fruiting body, ''Antoniomyces loranthicola'', Parmulariaceae, Ascomycota ('''Old version''')
	Based on Inácio et al. (2012).		Based on Inácio et al. (2012).
Line 638:		Line 638:
−	[[File:04 03 60 life cycle, Laboulbenia sp., Laboulbeniales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Laboulbenia sp., Laboulbeniales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.100 Fungi Ascomycota Laboulbeniales life cycle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Laboulbenia sp., Laboulbeniales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Life cycle of ''Laboulbenia'' sp., Laboulbeniales, Ascomycota		Life cycle of ''Laboulbenia'' sp., Laboulbeniales, Ascomycota
Line 651:		Line 651:
−	[[File:04 04 01 systematic groups including yeasts (written in red), Ascomycota, Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Systematic groups including yeasts (written in red), Ascomycota, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.120 Basidiomycota Ascomycota Hefen Systematik 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Systematic groups including yeasts (written in red), Ascomycota, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Systematic groups including yeasts (written in red), Ascomycota, Basidiomycota		Systematic groups including yeasts (written in red), Ascomycota, Basidiomycota
−	[[File:04 04 03 life cycles of yeasts, Saccharomycetales, Schizosaccharomycetales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycles of yeasts, Saccharomycetales, Schizosaccharomycetales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.123 Ascomycota Saccharomycetales Saccharomyces Entwicklungsgang diplohaplontisch haplontisch 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycles of yeasts, Saccharomycetales, Schizosaccharomycetales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
		+	[[File:File:Abb3.130 Ascomycota Schizosaccharomycetales Schizosaccharomyces pombe S. octosporus Entwicklungsgang haplontisch 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px]]
	Life cycles of yeasts, Saccharomycetales, Schizosaccharomycetales, Ascomycota		Life cycles of yeasts, Saccharomycetales, Schizosaccharomycetales, Ascomycota
Line 667:		Line 668:
−	[[File:04 05 01 life cycle, Taphrina deformans, Taphrinales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Taphrina deformans, Taphrinales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]	+	[[File:Abb3.129 Ascomycota Taphrinales Taphrina deformans life cycle 2021 (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Taphrina deformans, Taphrinales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
	Life cycle of ''Taphrina deformans'', Taphrinales, Ascomycota		Life cycle of ''Taphrina deformans'', Taphrinales, Ascomycota

---

Revision as of 14:54, 29 November 2021

(These diagrams are also available in Spanish)

Introduction

These diagrams have been created for teaching of mycology and phytopathology. They are shared here in order to extend our knowledge on fungi, especially those living in the tropics.

Phylogeny of fungi (names in bold), simplified

Cellular structures of fungi and algae

Vegetative development starting from a hypha

Life cycle, generations and nuclear stages

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Types of fertilization

Different types of fertilization. Long, red arrows indicate direction of movement. Short red arrows indicate growth by which compatible cells get in contact with each other and fuse. Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Groups of Fungi(Old version)

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Divisions of true fungi, Fungi, simplified(Old version)

Life cycle with dikaryotic stage, Ascomycota Basidiomycota

Chitin, Fungi

Basidiomycota

Phylogeny of Basidiomycota

Development of a clamp connection

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Types of basidia

Discharge of a ballistospore

Based on Money (1998), simplified.

Money, N.P. 1998. More g’s than the space shuttle: ballistospore discharge. Mycologia 90: 547-558.

Development starting from a basidiospore

Pores in septa of hyphae of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota

Life cycle of Basidiomycota, basidium

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Types of fruiting bodies, Basidiomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Concepts of Agaricales and Polyporales, Basidiomycota (Old version)

Connections of a lamella to the stipe, Agaricales Basidiomycota

Hemiangiocarpic fruiting body of Amanita sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota

Modified after diagrams by Yang Zhu-Liang; with permission.

Life cycle of Agaricus sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Bromatium of leaf-cutting ants, asexual stage of Agaricales Basidiomycota

Escovopsis weberi, parasite of the fungus cultivated by leaf-cutting ants, conidiophore with conidia, asexual form of Hypocreales, Ascomycota (Old version)

Termite nest, Termitomyces sp., Termitosphaera sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota

Diagram on the left hand side based on Heim (1977) and Buyck (1994).

Buyck, B. 1994. Ubwoba: les champignons comestibles de l'Ouest du Burundi. Publ. Agric. 34.

Heim, R. 1977. Termites et champignons. Les champignons termitophiles d´Afrique Noire et d´Asie méridionale. Société Nouvelle des Éditions Boubée, Paris.

Drawing on the right hand side based on a drawing by Roland Kirschner, used with permission.

Hyphae with conidia of Moniliophthora roreri, asexual stage of Agaricales Basidiomycota (Old version)

Ectomycorrhizae in their habitat, Boletales Basidiomycota (left hand side) and Tuberales Ascomycota (right hand side)

In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke.

Ectomycorrhiza anatomy, Basidiomycota

In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke.

Monotropa uniflora, mycoheterotrophic (erroneously called saprotrophic) plant with its fungus in the habitat

In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke.

Types of hymenophores of Polyporales, Basidiomycota (Old version)

Skeletal hyphae of Lentinus sp., Polyporales Basidiomycota

Hypha with conidia of Allescheriella crocea, asexual form of Basidiomycota (Old version)

Types of fruiting bodies of gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota

Types of basidia of gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota

Fruiting bodies of Geastraceae, gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota

Fruiting bodies of Phallales, gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota

Classification of Auriculariales and Tremellales, Basidiomycota

Hymenium with basidium and basidiospores of Exidiopsis laccata, Auriculariales Basidiomycota

Phylogeny of smut fungi (black, bold) and closely related groups, Basidiomycota

Basidia of smut fungi, Basidiomycota

Homothallic basidia of smut fungi, Basidiomycota (Old version)

Sori of smut fungi, Basidiomycota

Life cycle of Ustilago maydis on corn, Ustilaginales Basidiomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Life cycle of Tilletia ayresii on Panicum maximum, Tilletiales Basidiomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Teliospore ball of Doassansia sagittariae in a leaf, Doassansiales Basidiomycota

Teliospores, a basidium, and dikaryotic cells of Entyloma sp. in a leaf, Entylomatales Basidiomycota

Fruiting body with elaters and basidia of Graphiola spp., Exobasidiales Basidiomycota

Life cycle of Graphiola phoenicis, Exobasidiales Basidiomycota

Based on Cole (1983) and Oberwinkler et al. (1982).

Cole, G.T. 1983. Graphiola phoenicis: a taxonomic enigma. Mycologia 75: 93-116.

Oberwinkler, F., R.J. Bandoni, P. Blanz, G. Deml & L. Kisimova-Horovitz. 1982. Graphiolales: Basidiomycetes parasitic on palms. Pl. Syst. Evol. 140: 251-277.

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Teliospores of rust fungi, Pucciniales Basidiomycota

Column of germinating teliospores of Cionothrix praelonga, Pucciniales Basidiomycota

Life cycle of Puccinia graminis on a grass, Pucciniales Basidiomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Life cycle of Septobasidium sp. on scale insects on bark of a living tree, Septobasidiales Basidiomycota

Fruiting body with basidia of Atractiella delectans, Atractiellales Basidiomycota (Old version)

Hypha with a conidiogenous cell and a conidium of Hobsonia mirabilis, asexual form of Atractiellales Basidiomycota(Old version)

Ascomycota

Phylogeny, subphyla of Ascomycota

Life cycle of Ascomycota, ascus (Old version)

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Morphological groups, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi

Types of conidia, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi

Types of conidiogenesis, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi

Conidia, Ingoldian Hyphomycetes, staurospores, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi

Phylogeny of Pezizomycotina

Fruiting bodies of Ascomycota

Stilboid fungus, Helotiales, Ascomycota (Old version)

Types of asci, Ascomycota

Morphological groups, orders, Ascomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Ascospores, Ascomycota

Life cycle of Pezizales, Ascomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Fruiting bodies of Pezizales, Ascomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Arthrobotrys superba, asexual, nematode trapping, Orbiliales, Ascomycota (drawing by R. Kirschner)

Fruiting bodies, Helotiales, Leotiales, Ascomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Fruiting bodies, Rhytismatales, Ascomycota

Life cycle of Rhytisma acerinum with its asexual form Melasmia acerina, Rhytismatales, Ascomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Hou Cheng-Lin; with permission.

Brasiliomyces malachrae, chasmothecium, Erysiphales, Ascomycota

Life cycle of Erysiphales with its asexual form Oidium sp., Ascomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Conidiophores of Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Eurotiales, Ascomycota

Life cycle of Neurospora sp. with its asexual form Chrysonilia sp., Sordariales, Ascomycota

Based on Webster & Weber (2007), simplified.

Webster, J. & R.W.S. Weber. 2007. Introduction to fungi. Cambridge University Press.

Classification of Hypocreales, Clavicipitales, Clavicipitaceae, Ascomycota

Fruiting bodies of Hypocreales (without Clavicipitaceae), Ascomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Life cycle of Hypocrea sp. with its asexual form Trichoderma sp., Hypocreales, Ascomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Fruiting bodies of Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota

Life cycle of Claviceps purpurea with its asexual form Sphacelia sp., Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Fungi hyperparasitic on insects on plants, Hypocreales, Ascomycota

Fruiting bodies of Xylariales, Ascomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Fruiting bodies of Xylariales, Boliniales, Ascomycota (Old Version)

Fruiting bodies, ascospores, asexual forms, Xylariales, Ascomycota (Old version)

Fruiting bodies of Meliolales, Ascomycota

Life cycle of Meliolales, Ascomycota

Based on Rodríguez Justavino (2006).

Rodríguez Justavino, D. 2006. Meliolaceae aus Panama. Ph.D. thesis, University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Fruiting bodies of Phyllachorales, Ascomycota

In collaboration with Tanja Trampe.

Life cycle of Phyllachorales, Ascomycota

Based on Trampe (2009).

Trampe, T. 2009. Neotropical tarspot fungi – exploration of Phyllachorales in Panama. Ph.D. thesis, University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Fruiting bodies of Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota (Old version)

Types of hamathecia, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota (Old version)

Based on Eriksson (1981).

Eriksson, O. 1981. The families of bitunicate ascomycetes. Opera Botanica 60: 1-209.

Asexual forms, Mycosphaerella, Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota (Old version)

Life cycle of Mycosphaerella sp. with its asexual form Pseudocercospora sp., Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota (Old version)

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Fruiting body, ascus, ascospore, Myriangium sp., Myriangiales, Ascomycota (Old version)

Asexual forms, Hyphomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota

Asexual forms, Coelomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota

Fruiting bodies, Asterinaceae, Microthyriales, Ascomycota

Based on Hofmann (2009).

Hofmann, T.A. 2009. Plant parasitic Asterinaceae and Microthyriaceae from the Neotropics (Panama). Ph.D. thesis, University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

Poliferation of ascogenous hypha, ascus, Ascomycota (Old version)

Fruiting body, Antoniomyces loranthicola, Parmulariaceae, Ascomycota (Old version)

Based on Inácio et al. (2012).

Inácio, C., K. Araúz & M. Piepenbring. 2012. A new genus of Parmulariaceae from Panama. Mycological Progress (published online 2011)

Life cycle of Laboulbenia sp., Laboulbeniales, Ascomycota

Based on Scheloske (1969).

Scheloske, H.-W. 1969. Beiträge zur Biologie, Ökologie und Systematik der Laboulbeniales (Ascomycetes). Parasitologische Schriftenreihe 19: 1-176.

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Systematic groups including yeasts (written in red), Ascomycota, Basidiomycota

Life cycles of yeasts, Saccharomycetales, Schizosaccharomycetales, Ascomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Life cycle of Taphrina deformans, Taphrinales, Ascomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Lichens

Interactions, green alga (green), fungal hypha, lichen, Lichenes

Systematic position of lichenized Ascomycota (written in green), Lichenes

Phylogenetic position of lichenized species among Ascomycota (simplified). Names written in green indicate groups of lichens. Names written with green and black letters refer to groups which include lichenized and non-lichenized species.

Growth forms of lichens, Lichenes

Anatomy of the thallus, green alga, cyanobacterium, lichen, Lichenes

Anatomy of the thallus, details, lichens, Lichenes

Asci and ascospores of lichens, Lichenes

Glomeromycota

Chlamydospores and siphonal hyphae of a sporocarp, Glomeromycota

Arbuscular mycorrhiza, Glomeromycota

In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke.

Zygomycota

Sporangiophores, sporangia, conidia, liberation of spores, Mucorales, Zygomycota

Zygospores of Mucorales, Zygomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Life cycle of Mucor sp., Mucorales, Zygomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Conidiogenous cells and conidia of Conidiobolus sp., Zygomycota

Chytridiomycota

Types of thalli of Chytridiomycota

Life cycle of Synchytrium endobioticum on potato, Chytridiomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Life cycle of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, asexual, Chytridiomycota

Based on Longcore et al. (1999).

Longcore, J.E., A.P. Pessier & D.K. Nichols. 1999. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis gen. et sp. nov., a chytrid pathogenic to amphibians. Mycologia 91: 219-227.

Oomycetes

Phylogeny, simplified, Oomycota

Asexual structures of Saprolegniales, Oomycota

Based on Gäumann (1964).

Gäumann, E. 1964. Die Pilze, Grundzüge ihrer Entwicklungsgeschichte und Morphologie, 2nd edition. Birkhäuser, Basel, Stuttgart.

Life cycle of Saprolegnia sp., Saprolegniales, Oomycota

Sporangiophores of Phytophthora infestans and Pseudoperonospora cubensis, Peronosporales, Oomycota

Asexual structures of Saprolegniales, Albuginales, Peronosporales, Oomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Life cycle of Phytophthora infestans on potato, Peronosporales, Oomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Protistean fungi

Phylogeny of protistean fungi, slime molds, Myxomycota and other groups

Groups of mucilaginous fungi classified among protists. For orders, only the mycological names are cited. For classes and divisions, zoological names are cited first, and mycological names are added in quotation marks.

Morphological concepts, orders of Myxomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Life cycle of Stemonitis sp., Stemonitales, Myxomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Life cycle of Dictyostelium sp., asexual, Dictyosteliales, Myxomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Life cycle of Dictyostelium sp., sexual, Dictyosteliales, Myxomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Life cycle of Plasmodiophora brassicae in cabbage, Plasmodiophoromycetes

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.