View source for Mycological teaching diagrams by Meike Piepenbring

''(These diagrams are also [[Diagramas micológicos elaborado por M. Piepenbring |available in Spanish]])''

__TOC__


==Introduction==

These diagrams have been created for teaching of mycology and phytopathology. They are shared here in order to extend our knowledge on fungi, especially those living in the tropics.

[[File:01 01 phylogeny of fungi - simplified (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Phylogeny of fungi (names in bold), simplified (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Phylogeny of fungi (names in bold), simplified


[[File:01 03 cellular structures of fungi and algae (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Cellular structures of fungi and algae (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Cellular structures of fungi and algae


[[File:01 04 vegetative development starting from a hypha (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Vegetative development starting from a hypha (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Vegetative development starting from a hypha


[[File:01 05 life cycle, generations and nuclear stages (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, generations and nuclear stages (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Life cycle, generations and nuclear stages

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.


[[File:01 06 types of fertilization (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of fertilization (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Types of fertilization

Different types of fertilization. Long, red arrows indicate direction of movement. Short red arrows indicate growth by which compatible cells get in contact with each other and fuse. Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.


[[File:02 01 groups of Fungi (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Groups of Fungi (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Groups of Fungi

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.


[[File:06 01 divisions of true fungi, Fungi, simplified (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Divisions of true fungi, Fungi, simplified (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Divisions of true fungi, Fungi, simplified


[[File:02 02 life cycle with dikaryotic stage, Ascomycota Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle with dikaryotic stage, Ascomycota Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Life cycle with dikaryotic stage, Ascomycota Basidiomycota


[[File:02 03 chitin, Fungi (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Chitin, Fungi (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Chitin, Fungi

==Basidiomycota==


[[File:03 01 01 phylogeny Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Phylogeny Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Phylogeny of Basidiomycota


[[File:03 01 02 development of clamp connection (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Development of clamp connection (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Development of a clamp connection

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.


[[File:03 01 03 types of basidia (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of basidia (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Types of basidia


[[File:03 01 04 discharge of ballistospore (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Discharge of ballistospore (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Discharge of a ballistospore

Based on Money (1998), simplified.

Money, N.P. 1998. More g’s than the space shuttle: ballistospore discharge. Mycologia 90: 547-558.


[[File:03 01 05 development starting from a basidiospore (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Development starting from a basidiospore (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Development starting from a basidiospore


[[File:03 01 06 pores in septa of hyphae of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Pores in septa of hyphae of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Pores in septa of hyphae of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota


[[File:03 01 07 life cycle Basidiomycota basidium (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle Basidiomycota basidium (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Life cycle of Basidiomycota, basidium

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.


[[File:03 02 01 types of fruiting bodies, Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of fruiting bodies, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Types of fruiting bodies, Basidiomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.


[[File:03 02 02 concepts of Agaricales and Polyporales, Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Concepts of Agaricales and Polyporales, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Concepts of Agaricales and Polyporales, Basidiomycota


[[File:03 02 05 connections of a lamella to the stipe, Agaricales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Connections of a lamella to the stipe, Agaricales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Connections of a lamella to the stipe, Agaricales Basidiomycota


[[File:03 02 06 hemiangiocarpic fruiting body, Agaricales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Hemiangiocarpic fruiting body, Agaricales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Hemiangiocarpic fruiting body of ''Amanita'' sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota

Modified after diagrams by Yang Zhu-Liang; with permission.


[[File:03 02 09 life cycle of Agaricus sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle of Agaricus sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Life cycle of ''Agaricus'' sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.


[[File:03 02 10 c 2b leaf-cutting ants, bromatium, Agaricales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 2b leaf-cutting ants, bromatium, Agaricales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Bromatium of leaf-cutting ants, asexual stage of Agaricales Basidiomycota


[[File:03 02 10 c 2c leaf-cutting ants, parasite Escovopsis weberi, conidiophore with conidia, Agaricales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 2c leaf-cutting ants, parasite Escovopsis weberi, conidiophore with conidia, Agaricales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

''Escovopsis weberi'', parasite of the fungus cultivated by leaf-cutting ants, conidiophore with conidia, asexual form of Hypocreales, Ascomycota


[[File:03 02 10 c 2e termite nest, Termitomyces sp., Termitosphaera sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 2e termite nest, Termitomyces sp., Termitosphaera sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Termite nest, ''Termitomyces'' sp., ''Termitosphaera'' sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota

Diagram on the left hand side based on Heim (1977) and Buyck (1994).

Buyck, B. 1994. Ubwoba: les champignons comestibles de l'Ouest du Burundi. Publ. Agric. 34.

Heim, R. 1977. Termites et champignons. Les champignons termitophiles d´Afrique Noire et d´Asie méridionale. Société Nouvelle des Éditions Boubée, Paris.

Drawing on the right hand side based on a drawing by Roland Kirschner, used with permission.


[[File:03 02 10 c 4b hyphae with conidia of Moniliophthora roreri, Agaricales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 4b hyphae with conidia of Moniliophthora roreri, Agaricales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Hyphae with conidia of ''Moniliophthora roreri'', asexual stage of Agaricales Basidiomycota


[[File:03 02 10 c 5a ectomycorrhizae in their habitat, Boletales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 5a ectomycorrhizae in their habitat, Boletales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Ectomycorrhizae in their habitat, Boletales Basidiomycota (left hand side) and Tuberales Ascomycota (right hand side)

In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke.


[[File:03 02 10 c 5b ectomycorrhiza anatomy, Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 5b ectomycorrhiza anatomy, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Ectomycorrhiza anatomy, Basidiomycota

In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke.


[[File:03 02 10 c 6b Monotropa uniflora, mycoheterotrophic (erroneously called saprotrophic) plant with its fungus in the habitat (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 6b Monotropa uniflora, mycoheterotrophic (erroneously called saprotrophic) plant with its fungus in the habitat (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

''Monotropa uniflora'', mycoheterotrophic (erroneously called saprotrophic) plant with its fungus in the habitat

In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke.


[[File:03 02 14 types of hymenophores of Polyporales, Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of hymenophores of Polyporales, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Types of hymenophores of Polyporales, Basidiomycota


[[File:03 02 16 skeletal hyphae of Lentinus sp., Polyporales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Skeletal hyphae of Lentinus sp., Polyporales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Skeletal hyphae of ''Lentinus'' sp., Polyporales Basidiomycota


[[File:03 02 20 hypha with conidia of Allescheriella crocea, asexual form of Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Hypha with conidia of Allescheriella crocea, asexual form of Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Hypha with conidia of ''Allescheriella crocea'', asexual form of Basidiomycota


[[File:03 02 21 types of fruiting bodies of gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of fruiting bodies of gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Types of fruiting bodies of gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota


[[File:03 02 23 types of basidia of gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of basidia of gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Types of basidia of gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota


[[File:03 02 24 fruiting bodies of Geastraceae, gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies of Geastraceae, gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Fruiting bodies of Geastraceae, gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota


[[File:03 02 26 fruiting bodies of Phallales, gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies of Phallales, gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Fruiting bodies of Phallales, gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota


[[File:03 02 27 classification of Auriculariales and Tremellales, Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Classification of Auriculariales and Tremellales, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Classification of Auriculariales and Tremellales, Basidiomycota


[[File:03 02 28 hymenium with basidium and basidiospores of Exidiopsis laccata, Auriculariales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Hymenium with basidium and basidiospores of Exidiopsis laccata, Auriculariales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Hymenium with basidium and basidiospores of ''Exidiopsis laccata'', Auriculariales Basidiomycota


[[File:03 03 01 phylogeny of smut fungi (black, bold) and closely related groups, Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Phylogeny of smut fungi (black, bold) and closely related groups, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Phylogeny of smut fungi (black, bold) and closely related groups, Basidiomycota


[[File:03 03 02 basidia of smut fungi, Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Basidia of smut fungi, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Basidia of smut fungi, Basidiomycota


[[File:03 03 03 homothallic basidia of smut fungi, Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Homothallic basidia of smut fungi, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Homothallic basidia of smut fungi, Basidiomycota


[[File:03 03 05 sori of smut fungi, Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Sori of smut fungi, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Sori of smut fungi, Basidiomycota


[[File:03 03 07 life cycle of Ustilago maydis on corn, Ustilaginales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle of Ustilago maydis on corn, Ustilaginales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Life cycle of ''Ustilago maydis'' on corn, Ustilaginales Basidiomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.


[[File:03 03 08 life cycle of Tilletia ayresii on Panicum maximum, Tilletiales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle of Tilletia ayresii on Panicum maximum, Tilletiales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Life cycle of ''Tilletia ayresii'' on ''Panicum maximum'', Tilletiales Basidiomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.


[[File:03 03 11 teliospore ball of Narasimhania alismatis in a leaf of Sagittaria guyanensis, Doassansiales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Teliospore ball of Narasimhania alismatis in a leaf of Sagittaria guyanensis, Doassansiales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Teliospore ball of ''Narasimhania alismatis'' in a leaf of ''Sagittaria guyanensis'', Doassansiales Basidiomycota


[[File:03 03 12 teliospores, a basidium, and dikaryotic cells of Entyloma sp. in a leaf, Entylomatales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Teliospores, a basidium, and dikaryotic cells of Entyloma sp. in a leaf, Entylomatales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Teliospores, a basidium, and dikaryotic cells of ''Entyloma'' sp. in a leaf, Entylomatales Basidiomycota


[[File:03 03 14 basidia of Exobasidium poasanum on Satyria warszewiczii, Exobasidiales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring, published in Nova Hedwigia).png|none|600px|Basidia of Exobasidium poasanum on Satyria warszewiczii, Exobasidiales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring, published in Nova Hedwigia) (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Basidia of ''Exobasidium poasanum'' on ''Satyria warszewiczii'', Exobasidiales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring, published in Nova Hedwigia)

Published in Nova Hedwigia by Piepenbring et al. 2010; reproduced and licensed with permission. 

Piepenbring, M., J. Espinoza, L. Saldaña & O. Cáceres (2010) New records, host plants, morphological and molecular data of Exobasidiales (Basidiomycota) from Panama. Nova Hedwigia 91: 231-242.


[[File:03 03 15 fruiting body with elaters and basidia of Graphiola spp., Exobasidiales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting body with elaters and basidia of Graphiola spp., Exobasidiales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Fruiting body with elaters and basidia of ''Graphiola'' spp., Exobasidiales Basidiomycota


[[File:03 03 16 life cycle of Graphiola phoenicis, Exobasidiales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle of Graphiola phoenicis, Exobasidiales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Life cycle of ''Graphiola phoenicis'', Exobasidiales Basidiomycota

Based on Cole (1983) and Oberwinkler et al. (1982).

Cole, G.T. 1983. ''Graphiola phoenicis'': a taxonomic enigma. Mycologia 75: 93-116. 

Oberwinkler, F., R.J. Bandoni, P. Blanz, G. Deml & L. Kisimova-Horovitz. 1982. Graphiolales: Basidiomycetes parasitic on palms. Pl. Syst. Evol. 140: 251-277.

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.


[[File:03 03 17 basidia of Kordyana tradescantiae growing out of stomata, mature and young, Exobasidiales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Basidia of Kordyana tradescantiae growing out of stomata, mature and young, Exobasidiales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Basidia of ''Kordyana tradescantiae'' growing out of stomata, mature and young, Exobasidiales Basidiomycota

Published in Nova Hedwigia by Piepenbring et al. (2010); reproduced with permission. 

Piepenbring, M., J. Espinoza, L. Saldaña & O. Cáceres (2010) New records, host plants, morphological and molecular data of Exobasidiales (Basidiomycota) from Panama. Nova Hedwigia 91: 231-242.


[[File:03 04 03 teliospores of rust fungi, Pucciniales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Teliospores of rust fungi, Pucciniales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Teliospores of rust fungi, Pucciniales Basidiomycota


[[File:03 04 05 column of germinating teliospores of Cionothrix praelonga, Pucciniales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Column of germinating teliospores of Cionothrix praelonga, Pucciniales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Column of germinating teliospores of ''Cionothrix praelonga'', Pucciniales Basidiomycota


[[File:03 04 06 life cycle of Puccinia graminis on a grass, Pucciniales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle of Puccinia graminis on a grass, Pucciniales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Life cycle of ''Puccinia graminis'' on a grass, Pucciniales Basidiomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.


[[File:03 04 08 life cycle of Septobasidium sp. on scale insects on bark of a living tree, Septobasidiales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle of Septobasidium sp. on scale insects on bark of a living tree, Septobasidiales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Life cycle of ''Septobasidium'' sp. on scale insects on bark of a living tree, Septobasidiales Basidiomycota


[[File:03 04 10 fruiting body with basidia of Atractiella delectans, Atractiellales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting body with basidia of Atractiella delectans, Atractiellales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Fruiting body with basidia of ''Atractiella delectans'', Atractiellales Basidiomycota


[[File:03 04 11 hypha with a conidiogenous cell and a conidium of Hobsonia mirabilis, asexual Atractiellales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Hypha with a conidiogenous cell and a conidium of Hobsonia mirabilis, asexual Atractiellales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Hypha with a conidiogenous cell and a conidium of ''Hobsonia mirabilis'', asexual form of Atractiellales Basidiomycota

==Ascomycota==


[[File:04 01 01 phylogeny subphyla of Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Phylogeny subphyla of Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Phylogeny, subphyla of Ascomycota


[[File:04 01 02 life cycle Ascomycota, ascus (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle Ascomycota, ascus (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Life cycle of Ascomycota, ascus

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.


[[File:04 02 01 morphological groups, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Morphological groups, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Morphological groups, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi


[[File:04 02 03 types of conidia, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of conidia, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Types of conidia, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi


[[File:04 02 04 types of conidiogenesis, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of conidiogenesis, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Types of conidiogenesis, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi


[[File:04 02 05 conidia, Ingoldian Hyphomycetes, staurospores, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Conidia, Ingoldian Hyphomycetes, staurospores, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Conidia, Ingoldian Hyphomycetes, staurospores, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi


[[File:04 03 01 phylogeny, Pezizomycotina (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Phylogeny, Pezizomycotina (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Phylogeny of Pezizomycotina


[[File:04 03 02 fruiting bodies, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Fruiting bodies of Ascomycota


[[File:04 03 03 stilboid fungus, Helotiales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Stilboid fungus, Helotiales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Stilboid fungus, Helotiales, Ascomycota


[[File:04 03 04 types of asci, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of asci, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Types of asci, Ascomycota


[[File:04 03 05 morphological groups, orders, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Morphological groups, orders, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Morphological groups, orders, Ascomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.


[[File:04 03 06 ascospores, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Ascospores, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Ascospores, Ascomycota


[[File:04 03 07 life cycle, Pezizales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Pezizales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Life cycle of Pezizales, Ascomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.


[[File:04 03 09 fruiting bodies, Pezizales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Pezizales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Fruiting bodies of Pezizales, Ascomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.


[[File:04 03 10 Arthrobotrys superba, asexual, nematode trapping, Orbiliales, Ascomycota (R. Kirschner).png|none|600px|Arthrobotrys superba, asexual, nematode trapping, Orbiliales, Ascomycota (R. Kirschner) (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

''Arthrobotrys superba'', asexual, nematode trapping, Orbiliales, Ascomycota (drawing by R. Kirschner)


[[File:04 03 12 fruiting bodies, Cyttariales, Helotiales, Leotiales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Cyttariales, Helotiales, Leotiales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Fruiting bodies, Cyttariales, Helotiales, Leotiales, Ascomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.


[[File:04 03 15 fruiting bodies, Rhytismatales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Rhytismatales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Fruiting bodies, Rhytismatales, Ascomycota


[[File:04 03 16 life cycle, Rhytisma acerinum, Rhytismatales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Rhytisma acerinum, Rhytismatales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Life cycle of ''Rhytisma acerinum'' with its asexual form ''Melasmia acerina'', Rhytismatales, Ascomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Hou Cheng-Lin; with permission.


[[File:04 03 18 Brasiliomyces malachrae, chasmothecium, Erysiphales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Brasiliomyces malachrae, chasmothecium, Erysiphales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

''Brasiliomyces malachrae'', chasmothecium, Erysiphales, Ascomycota


[[File:04 03 19 life cycle, Erysiphales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Erysiphales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Life cycle of Erysiphales with its asexual form ''Oidium'' sp., Ascomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.


[[File:04 03 21 conidiophores, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Eurotiales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Conidiophores, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Eurotiales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Conidiophores of ''Aspergillus'' sp., ''Penicillium'' sp., Eurotiales, Ascomycota


[[File:04 03 24 life cycle, Neurospora sp., Sordariales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Neurospora sp., Sordariales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Life cycle of ''Neurospora'' sp. with its asexual form ''Chrysonilia'' sp., Sordariales, Ascomycota

Based on Webster & Weber (2007), simplified.

Webster, J. & R.W.S. Weber. 2007. Introduction to fungi. Cambridge University Press.


[[File:04 03 25 classification Hypocreales, Clavicipitales, Clavicipitaceae, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Classification Hypocreales, Clavicipitales, Clavicipitaceae, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Classification of Hypocreales, Clavicipitales, Clavicipitaceae, Ascomycota


[[File:04 03 27 fruiting bodies, Hypocreales (without Clavicipitaceae), Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Hypocreales (without Clavicipitaceae), Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Fruiting bodies of Hypocreales (without Clavicipitaceae), Ascomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.


[[File:04 03 29 life cycle, Hypocrea sp., Hypocreales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Hypocrea sp., Hypocreales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Life cycle of ''Hypocrea'' sp. with its asexual form ''Trichoderma'' sp., Hypocreales, Ascomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.


[[File:04 03 31 fruiting bodies, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Fruiting bodies of Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota


[[File:04 03 32 life cycle, Claviceps purpurea, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Claviceps purpurea, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Life cycle of ''Claviceps purpurea'' with its asexual form ''Sphacelia'' sp., Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.


[[File:04 03 33 c 16b fungi hyperparasitic on insects on plants, Hypocreales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 16b fungi hyperparasitic on insects on plants, Hypocreales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Fungi hyperparasitic on insects on plants, Hypocreales, Ascomycota


[[File:04 03 35 fruiting bodies, Xylariales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Xylariales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Fruiting bodies of Xylariales, Ascomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.


[[File:04 03 36 fruiting bodies, Xylariales, Boliniales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Xylariales, Boliniales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Fruiting bodies of Xylariales, Boliniales, Ascomycota


[[File:04 03 37 fruiting bodies, ascospores, asexual forms, Xylariales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, ascospores, asexual forms, Xylariales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Fruiting bodies, ascospores, asexual forms, Xylariales, Ascomycota


[[File:04 03 39 fruiting bodies, Meliolales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Meliolales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Fruiting bodies of Meliolales, Ascomycota


[[File:04 03 40 life cycle, Meliolales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Meliolales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Life cycle of Meliolales, Ascomycota

Based on Rodríguez Justavino (2006).

Rodríguez Justavino, D. 2006. Meliolaceae aus Panama. Ph.D. thesis, University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.


[[File:04 03 42 fruiting bodies, Phyllachorales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Phyllachorales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Fruiting bodies of Phyllachorales, Ascomycota

In collaboration with Tanja Trampe.


[[File:04 03 43 life cycle, Phyllachorales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Phyllachorales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Life cycle of Phyllachorales, Ascomycota

Based on Trampe (2009).

Trampe, T. 2009. Neotropical tarspot fungi – exploration of Phyllachorales in Panama. Ph.D. thesis, University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.


[[File:04 03 45 fruiting bodies, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Fruiting bodies of Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota


[[File:04 03 46 types of hamathecia, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of hamathecia, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Types of hamathecia, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota

Based on Eriksson (1981).

Eriksson, O. 1981. The families of bitunicate ascomycetes. Opera Botanica 60: 1-209.


[[File:04 03 48 asexual forms, Mycosphaerella, Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Asexual forms, Mycosphaerella, Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Asexual forms, ''Mycosphaerella'', Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota


[[File:04 03 49 life cycle, Mycosphaerella, Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Mycosphaerella, Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Life cycle of ''Mycosphaerella'' sp. with its asexual form ''Pseudocercospora'' sp., Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.


[[File:04 03 50 fruiting body, ascus, ascospore, Myriangium sp., Myriangiales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting body, ascus, ascospore, Myriangium sp., Myriangiales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Fruiting body, ascus, ascospore, ''Myriangium'' sp., Myriangiales, Ascomycota


[[File:04 03 52 asexual forms, Hyphomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Asexual forms, Hyphomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Asexual forms, Hyphomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota


[[File:04 03 53 asexual forms, Coelomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Asexual forms, Coelomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Asexual forms, Coelomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota


[[File:04 03 55 fruiting bodies, Asterinaceae, Microthyriales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Asterinaceae, Microthyriales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Fruiting bodies, Asterinaceae, Microthyriales, Ascomycota

Based on Hofmann (2009).

Hofmann, T.A. 2009. Plant parasitic Asterinaceae and Microthyriaceae from the Neotropics (Panama). Ph.D. thesis, University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany.


[[File:04 03 57 c 18a proliferation of ascogenous hyphae, normal development, ascus, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 18a proliferation of ascogenous hyphae, normal development, ascus, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Poliferation of ascogenous hypha, ascus, Ascomycota


[[File:04 03 58 fruiting body, Antoniomyces loranthicola, Parmulariaceae, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting body, Antoniomyces loranthicola, Parmulariaceae, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Fruiting body, ''Antoniomyces loranthicola'', Parmulariaceae, Ascomycota

Based on Inácio et al. (2012).

Inácio, C., K. Araúz & M. Piepenbring. 2012. A new genus of Parmulariaceae from Panama. Mycological Progress (published online 2011)


[[File:04 03 60 life cycle, Laboulbenia sp., Laboulbeniales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Laboulbenia sp., Laboulbeniales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Life cycle of ''Laboulbenia'' sp., Laboulbeniales, Ascomycota

Based on Scheloske (1969).

Scheloske, H.-W. 1969. Beiträge zur Biologie, Ökologie und Systematik der Laboulbeniales (Ascomycetes). Parasitologische Schriftenreihe 19: 1-176.

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.


[[File:04 04 01 systematic groups including yeasts (written in red), Ascomycota, Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Systematic groups including yeasts (written in red), Ascomycota, Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Systematic groups including yeasts (written in red), Ascomycota, Basidiomycota


[[File:04 04 03 life cycles of yeasts, Saccharomycetales, Schizosaccharomycetales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycles of yeasts, Saccharomycetales, Schizosaccharomycetales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Life cycles of yeasts, Saccharomycetales, Schizosaccharomycetales, Ascomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.


[[File:04 05 01 life cycle, Taphrina deformans, Taphrinales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Taphrina deformans, Taphrinales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Life cycle of ''Taphrina deformans'', Taphrinales, Ascomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

==Lichens==

[[File:05 02 interactions green alga (green), fungal hypha, lichen, Lichenes (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Interactions green alga (green), fungal hypha, lichen, Lichenes (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Interactions, green alga (green), fungal hypha, lichen, Lichenes


[[File:05 04 systematic position of lichenized Ascomycota (written in green), Lichenes (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Systematic position of lichenized Ascomycota (written in green), Lichenes (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Systematic position of lichenized Ascomycota (written in green), Lichenes

Phylogenetic position of lichenized species among Ascomycota (simplified). Names written in green indicate groups of lichens. Names written with green and black letters refer to groups which include lichenized and non-lichenized species.


[[File:05 05 growth forms of lichens, Lichenes (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Growth forms of lichens, Lichenes (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Growth forms of lichens, Lichenes


[[File:05 09 anatomy of the thallus, green alga, cyanobacterium, lichen, Lichenes (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Anatomy of the thallus, green alga, cyanobacterium, lichen, Lichenes (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Anatomy of the thallus, green alga, cyanobacterium, lichen, Lichenes


[[File:05 10 anatomy of the thallus, details, lichens, Lichenes (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Anatomy of the thallus, details, lichens, Lichenes (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Anatomy of the thallus, details, lichens, Lichenes


[[File:05 11 asci and ascospores of lichens, Lichenes (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Asci and ascospores of lichens, Lichenes (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Asci and ascospores of lichens, Lichenes

==Glomeromycota==


[[File:06 03 chlamydospores and siphonal hyphae of a sporocarp, Glomeromycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Chlamydospores and siphonal hyphae of a sporocarp, Glomeromycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Chlamydospores and siphonal hyphae of a sporocarp, Glomeromycota


[[File:06 04 c 19a arbuscular mycorrhiza, Glomeromycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 19a arbuscular mycorrhiza, Glomeromycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Arbuscular mycorrhiza, Glomeromycota

In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke.

==Zygomycota==


[[File:06 05 sporangiophores, sporangia, conidia, liberation of spores, Mucorales, Zygomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Sporangiophores, sporangia, conidia, liberation of spores, Mucorales, Zygomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Sporangiophores, sporangia, conidia, liberation of spores, Mucorales, Zygomycota


[[File:06 06 zygospores, Mucorales, Zygomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Zygospores, Mucorales, Zygomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Zygospores of Mucorales, Zygomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.


[[File:06 07 life cycle, Mucor sp., Mucorales, Zygomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Mucor sp., Mucorales, Zygomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Life cycle of ''Mucor'' sp., Mucorales, Zygomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.


[[File:06 08 conidiogenous cells, conidia, Conidiobolus sp., Zygomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Conidiogenous cells, conidia, Conidiobolus sp., Zygomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Conidiogenous cells and conidia of ''Conidiobolus'' sp., Zygomycota

==Chytridiomycota==


[[File:06 10 types of thalli, Chytridiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Types of thalli, Chytridiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Types of thalli of Chytridiomycota


[[File:06 11 life cycle, Synchytrium endobioticum on potato, Chytridiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Synchytrium endobioticum on potato, Chytridiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Life cycle of ''Synchytrium endobioticum'' on potato, Chytridiomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.


[[File:06 12 life cycle, asexual, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Chytridiomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, asexual, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Chytridiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Life cycle of ''Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis'', asexual, Chytridiomycota

Based on Longcore et al. (1999).

Longcore, J.E., A.P. Pessier & D.K. Nichols. 1999. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis gen. et sp. nov., a chytrid pathogenic to amphibians. Mycologia 91: 219-227.

==Oomycetes==


[[File:07 01 phylogeny, simplified, Oomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Phylogeny, simplified, Oomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Phylogeny, simplified, Oomycota


[[File:07 03 asexual structures, Saprolegniales, Oomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Asexual structures, Saprolegniales, Oomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Asexual structures of Saprolegniales, Oomycota

Based on Gäumann (1964).

Gäumann, E. 1964. Die Pilze, Grundzüge ihrer Entwicklungsgeschichte und Morphologie, 2nd edition. Birkhäuser, Basel, Stuttgart.


[[File:07 04 life cycle, Saprolegnia sp., Saprolegniales, Oomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Saprolegnia sp., Saprolegniales, Oomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Life cycle of ''Saprolegnia'' sp., Saprolegniales, Oomycota


[[File:07 05 sorus, sporangia, Albugo sp., Albuginales, Oomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Sorus, sporangia, Albugo sp., Albuginales, Oomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Sorus and sporangia of ''Albugo'' sp., Albuginales, Oomycota

Main drawing based on a drawing by Alexandra Riethmüller.


[[File:07 06 sporangiophores, Phytophthora, Pseudoperonospora, Peronosporales, Oomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Sporangiophores, Phytophthora, Pseudoperonospora, Peronosporales, Oomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Sporangiophores of ''Phytophthora infestans'' and ''Pseudoperonospora cubensis'', Peronosporales, Oomycota


[[File:07 07 asexual structures, Saprolegniales, Albuginales, Peronosporales, Oomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Asexual structures, Saprolegniales, Albuginales, Peronosporales, Oomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Asexual structures of Saprolegniales, Albuginales, Peronosporales, Oomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.


[[File:07 08 life cycle, Phytophthora infestans on potato, Peronosporales, Oomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Phytophthora infestans on potato, Peronosporales, Oomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Life cycle of ''Phytophthora infestans'' on potato, Peronosporales, Oomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

==Protistean fungi==


[[File:08 01 phylogeny, protistean fungi, slime molds, Myxomycota and other groups (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Phylogeny, protistean fungi, slime molds, Myxomycota and other groups (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Phylogeny of protistean fungi, slime molds, Myxomycota and other groups

Groups of mucilaginous fungi classified among protists. For orders, only the mycological names are cited. For classes and divisions, zoological names are cited first, and mycological names are added in quotation marks.


[[File:08 04 morphological concepts, orders of Myxomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Morphological concepts, orders of Myxomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Morphological concepts, orders of Myxomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.


[[File:08 05 life cycle, Stemonitis sp., Stemonitales, Myxomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Stemonitis sp., Stemonitales, Myxomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Life cycle of ''Stemonitis'' sp., Stemonitales, Myxomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.


[[File:08 06 life cycle, asexual, Dictyostelium sp., Dictyosteliales, Myxomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, asexual, Dictyostelium sp., Dictyosteliales, Myxomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Life cycle of ''Dictyostelium'' sp., asexual, Dictyosteliales, Myxomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.


[[File:08 07 life cycle, sexual, Dictyostelium sp., Dictyosteliales, Myxomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, sexual, Dictyostelium sp., Dictyosteliales, Myxomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Life cycle of ''Dictyostelium'' sp., sexual, Dictyosteliales, Myxomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.


[[File:08 08 life cycle, Plasmodiophora brassicae in cabbage, Plasmodiophoromycetes (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Plasmodiophora brassicae in cabbage, Plasmodiophoromycetes (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]

Life cycle of ''Plasmodiophora brassicae'' in cabbage, Plasmodiophoromycetes

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.