Solanum umalilaense
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Ordo: Solanales
Familia: Solanaceae
Genus: Solanum
Name
Solanum umalilaense Manoko sp. nov. – Wikispecies link – IPNI link – Pensoft Profile
Diagnosis
Solanum umalilaense can be distinguished from other African species of Solanum sect. Solanum by its extremely developed branching, each branch producing many multi-flowered inflorescences, flowers with short calyx lobes and producing persistent, small, light yellowish brown fruits.
Type
Tanzania. Mbeya: Mbeya District, Umalila Forest Reserve, ca. 7 km W of Ruanda II on road to Izumbwe, 2 km SSE of Mbogo Mtn. main peak, 09°11'S, 33°18'E, 2180 m, on bushy south-facing slopes with scattered shrubs. 14 Nov 1992. R.E. Gereau, D.K. Harder, C.J. & M.J. Kayombo 5084 (holotype, DSM!; isotypes: K, not seen, MO, not seen, NHT!).
Description
Herb, up to ± 0.5 m, erect, predominantly with many erect or spreading branches from the base; stems dark purple, angular with well marked ridges, teeth on ridges very small, glabrescent to sub-glabrous with sparse, long, appressed, eglandular hairs. Leaf simple, petiolate, ovate to elliptic with wings running to petiole base, margins entire, apex acuminate to acute, base truncate; petiole 0.6–1.3 cm; leaf blade 1.8–2.8 × 0.1–1.4 cm, widest 1–1.7(-2.1) cm from apex. Inflorescences numerous, up to 100 per plant, consisting of simple, rarely forked cymes, 2–9(-11) flowered; peduncle (0.5-)1.1–3.2, erect; pedicels 5–7(-9) mm, pendent. Calyx pentagonal, 3–3.2(-4) mm diam., lobes short (±1 mm), broadly triangular, equal and adherent to mature berries; corolla stellate, 7–11 mm diam. white, margins occasionally tinged with purple, style protruding the anthers, straight or sometimes hooked with eglandular hairs at the base, 3.1–3.5(-4.2) mm; anthers equal, yellow, 1.8–2 mm, filaments 0.5–1 mm; fully hydrated pollen 24.6–26.3 µm diam. Berries globose, changing from green to dull yellowish green, at mature stage light yellowish brown, texture soft, persistent and aromatic, 3–4(-5) mm diam.; sclerotic granules present; seeds obovate, brownish, 9 to 22 per berry. 1.6–2.1 × 1.3–1.8 mm.
Chromosome counts on accession A24750133 using standard cytological methods and flow cytometry on root and leaf cells respectively, showed that Solanum umalilaense had 48 chromosomes (2n=4x=48). The same was found for related African species such as Solanum florulentum, Solanum tarderemotum, Solanum hirsutum, Solanum grossidentatum and Solanum retroflexum, indicating that all these species are tetraploid.
In phenetic and cladistic analyses of an AFLP (Vos et al. 1995[1]) dataset of the tetraploid species from Africa, including Solanum villosum, Solanum retroflexum, Solanum florulentum, Solanum tarderemotum, Solanum grossidentatum and Solanum hirsutum, Solanum umalilaense had 100% jackknife support in the neighbour joining and maximum parsimony analyses (Manoko 2007[2]). A NJ tree was constructed using 435 polymorphic AFLP loci generated from 102 tetraploid individuals. Here only results for 44 individuals are shown, representing about 50% of the tree (Fig. 2; Manoko 2007[2]), with Solanum umalilaense indicated as “sp A”. Cluster I was made up of individuals morphologically similar but not identical (Manoko 2007[2]). Part of the material conformed to Solanum tarderemotum forms A and B described by Olet (2004)[3], and two remaining accessions were Solanum florulentum. Individuals that conformed to Solanum tarderemotum forms A and B in this cluster shared morphological characteristics not only with Solanum florulentum, but also with Solanum tarderemotum form C. Cluster II was composed of Solanum retroflexum and a taxon that we identified as Solanum hirsutum (Manoko 2007[2]). Both taxa have ovate calyx lobes, covering only half of the fruit during development, but reflexed away from mature fruits. The globose fruits, turning from green to purple/black, remain with the pedicel on the plant and are not aromatic. Cluster III is composed only of individuals of accession A24750133, which we describe here as the new species Solanum umalilaense (Fig. 2).
Distribution
Mbeya region, Tanzania, at elevations between 1952 and 2052 m (Fig. 4).
Ecology
During our collecting trip in the Umalila area (July 7–10, 2010) we found many plants in cultivated fields (Fig. 3E,F) on the slope of mountains, or left in abandoned cultivated plots (Fig. 3H), which also contained maize and beans. According to the information on Gereau et al. 5084 the species is frequent on the ash layer in charcoal-burning areas. The Umalila area is located in the Mbeya region, in the South West of Tanzania at the border with Malawi and Zambia (Figure 3). Because of its elevation, the region is also known as the Southern Highlands of Tanzania, with volcanic type of soil, temperatures ranging from 12 to 23°C, and annual rainfall levels from 1500 to 2700 mm. The vegetation is mountainous, with cool temperature grasslands and the region is good for cultivation of coffee, maize, beans and vegetables (Anon. 1997[4]).
Etymology
The name Solanum umalilaense refers to the area the species was found. Umalila (Malilaor Umalila) is the highland area of the Malila, a relatively unknown ethnic group in south-west Tanzania (Walsh 1998[5]).
Conservation status
Based on the information on the type specimen, Solanum umalilaense grows in the Umalila forest reserve. We visited the villages of Maganjo, Isangati, Igala, and different wards and found that the species was cultivated as an important and well known leafy vegetable. It has been cultivated for many generations and farmers collect fruits and keep dried seeds for the next growing season. Since this species is cultivated as a food crop and has become almost domesticated, its preliminary conservation status can be considered to be of Least Concern (LC, IUCN 2001[6]) although its very narrow distribution may be cause for further analysis.
Local names
Insungwe, so called by the Malila (Schippers 2004[7]).
Uses
Used as a leafy vegetable. Leaves can be picked from the plant untill the plant starts flowering. Using leaves when the plant is in flower is not attractive because of their bitter taste (Latham 2006[8]).
Specimens examined. Tanzania. Mbeya Rural District: Maganjo village (Lwindi ward), 09°02'29"S, 033°23'54"E, July 8, 2010, Manoko et al. 2010–11 (DSM, WAG, and Radboud University Experimental Garden and Genebank herbarium); Isangati village (Iyunga ward), 09°04'12"S, 033°25'25"E, July 8, 2010, Manoko et al. 2010-2 (DSM, WAG, and Radboud University Experimental Garden and Genebank herbarium); Igala village (Holondo ward), 09°03'21"S, 033°26'44"E, July 8, 2010, Manoko et al. 2010–8 (DSM, WAG, Radboud University Experimental Garden and Genebank herbarium); Isangati village (Iyunga Mapinduzi ward), 09°05'03"S, 033°25'53"E, July 9, 2010, Manoko et al. 2010–11 (DSM, WAG, Radboud University Experimental Garden and Genebank herbarium); Isangati village (Iyunga Mapinduzi ward), 09°05'03"S, 033°25'53"E, July 9, 2010, Manoko et al. 2010–12 (DSM, WAG, Radboud University Experimental Garden and Genebank herbarium); field plot near Umalila Forest reserve, 09°11'26"S, 033°20'46"E, July 9, 2010, Manoko et al. 2010–14 (DSM, WAG, Radboud University Experimental Garden and Genebank herbarium); Uyole (Mbeya), 5500 ft, 22 May 1968, A.A. Mwambunga A.A.M.6 (DSM). The Netherlands. AccessionA24750133 from the Umalila area cultivated at Radboud University Experimental Garden and Genebank, Anon. s.n. (Radboud University Experimental Garden and Genebank herbarium).
Discussion
Solanum umalilaense differs from all other species that have been described or studied so far from Africa (Bitter 1912[9]; 1913[10]; Bukenya and Hall 1988[11]; D’Arcy and Rakotozafy 1994[12]; Edmonds and Chweya 1997[13]; Bosser et al. 2000[14]; Jacoby 2003[15]; Olet 2004[3]; Gonçalves 2005[16]; Edmonds 2006a[17], b[18]). The new species produces a large number of inflorescences such that at full anthesis the plant appears to be covered with white flowers, strikingly different from other species in the section. Seeds of “species A”, as it was provisionally labeled, were received from the Southern Highlands of Tanzania where this taxon is a common leafy vegetable. Morphologically, it could not be assigned to any known species, therefore Schippers (2004)[7] had given it the name species A. Herbaria surveys at NHT and DSM in Tanzania produced comparable material, all collected from Umalila Forest Reserve in Mbeya by R.E. Gereau et al. in 1992 (R.E. Gereau, D.K. Harder, C.J. & M.J. Kayombo 5084, the DSM specimen of which we designate as holotype). They had found these plants ‘frequent on ash, in charcoal-burning area’. During our collection-trip in Tanzania in the same region, however, we always found this species in cultivated plots, never in ash. Gereau’s material had been first determined by the late W.G. D’ Arcy (MO) in 1993 as Solanum aff. americanum Mill. Later, L.B. Mwasumbi (DSM) changed the name to Solanum nigrum L. These names refer to a diploid and to a hexaploid species, respectively, whereas Solanum umalilaense is tetraploid. This clearly demonstrates that the suggested affinities with Solanum americanum and Solanum nigrum were not correct.
Edmonds’s opinion (JM Edmonds pers. comm.) that it might be a hybrid between two tetraploid species was investigated. We found that for the three generations we grew the plants (between 2002–2004) none of the characters showed segregation.
All together, the distinct morphology, chromosome number different from Solanum americanum and Solanum nigrum, and a clear separate clustering from other species of the section, make this African species unique in section Solanum in Africa.
Original Description
- Manoko, M; Weerden, G; Berg, R; Mariani, C; 2012: A new tetraploid species of Solanum L. sect. Solanum (Solanaceae) from Tanzania PhytoKeys, 16: 65-74. doi
Images
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![Figure 2. Part of the NJ tree from Manoko (2007)[2]. Numbers at the nodes are NJ Jackknife support values. Cluster I contains Solanum tarderemotum and Solanum florulentum. In cluster II are Solanum retroflexum and Solanum hirsutum. Cluster III is composed of individuals of Solanum umalilaense](/wiki/File:PhytoKeys-016-065-g002.jpg)
Other References
- ↑ Vos P, Hogers R, Bleeker M, Reijans M, van der Lee T, Hornes M, Frijters A, Pot J, Peleman J, Kuiper M, Zabeau M (1995) AFLP: a new technique for DNA fingerprinting. Nucl. Acids Res. 23: 4407-4414. doi: 10.1093/nar/23.21.4407
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Manoko M (2007) A systematic study of African Solanum section Solanum (Solanaceae). PhD thesis, Radboud University Nijmegen. http://dare.ubn.kun.nl/bitstream/2066/30032/1/30032.pdf
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Olet E (2004) Taxonomy of Solanum L. section Solanum in Uganda. PhD thesis, Agricultural University of Norway.
- ↑ Anonymous (1997) Mbeya District socio-economic profile. Joint publication by The Planning Commission Dar es Salaam and Mbeya District Council, Mbeya, Mbeya District. http://www.tzonline.org/pdf/Mbeyadis.pdf
- ↑ Walsh M (1998) The Malila: Preliminairy notes on language, history and ethnography. Unpublished paper. http://www.scribd.com/doc/14539285/ The-Malila-Preliminary-Notes-on language-History-and-Ethnography
- ↑ IUCN S (2001) IUCN Red List Catagories: Version 3.1. IUCN Gland and Cambridge.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Schippers R (2004) Légumes Africains Indigènes: présentation des espèces cultivées. Margraf Publishers GmbH, Scientific books, Weikersheim, 369–407.
- ↑ Latham P (2006) Plants visited by bees and other useful plants of Umalila, Southern Tanzania. Third edition, 174.
- ↑ Bitter G (1912) Solana nova vel minus cognita. I. Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni. Veg. 10: 529-565.
- ↑ Bitter G (1913) Solana Africana. I. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 49 (5): 560-569.
- ↑ Bukenya Z, Hall J (1988) Solanum (Solanaceae) in Ghana. Bothalia 18: 79-88.
- ↑ D’Arcy W, Rakotozafy A (1994) Famille 176. Solanaceae. In: Morat P (Ed) Flore de Madagascar et des Comores. Museum Nationale d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris.
- ↑ Edmonds J, Chweya J (1997) Black nightshades. Solanum nigrum L. and related species. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research Gatersleben / International Plant Genetic Reources Institute, Rome, Italy, 5–113.
- ↑ Bosser J, Cadet T, Gueho J, Marais W (2000) Flore des Mascareignes: La Réunion, Maurice and Rodrigues. The Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew.
- ↑ Jacoby A (2003) Genetic variability in the Solanum nigrum L. complex and related species in South Africa. PhD thesis, University of Free State Bloemfontein, South Africa.
- ↑ Gonçalves A (2005) Solanaceae. In: Pope GV, Polhill RM, Martin ES (Eds) Flora Zambesiaca, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 8 (4).
- ↑ Edmonds J (2006a) Solanum L. section Solanum. In: Thulin M (ed.). , Flora Somalia, Vol. 3, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: 207-208.
- ↑ Edmonds J (2006b) Solanum L. section Solanum. In: Hedberg I, Edwards S (eds. ), Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 5: 13-21.
