Placospongia carinata

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Becking L (2013) Revision of the genus Placospongia (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida, Placospongiidae) in the Indo-West Pacific. ZooKeys 298 : 39–76, doi. Versioned wiki page: 2013-05-13, version 34717, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Placospongia_carinata&oldid=34717 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.

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BibTeX:

@article{Becking2013ZooKeys298,
author = {Becking, Leontine E.},
journal = {ZooKeys},
publisher = {Pensoft Publishers},
title = {Revision of the genus Placospongia (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida, Placospongiidae) in the Indo-West Pacific},
year = {2013},
volume = {298},
issue = {},
pages = {39--76},
doi = {10.3897/zookeys.298.1913},
url = {http://www.pensoft.net/journals/zookeys/article/1913/abstract},
note = {Versioned wiki page: 2013-05-13, version 34717, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Placospongia_carinata&oldid=34717 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.}

}

RIS/ Endnote:

TY - JOUR
T1 - Revision of the genus Placospongia (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida, Placospongiidae) in the Indo-West Pacific
A1 - Becking L
Y1 - 2013
JF - ZooKeys
JA -
VL - 298
IS -
UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.298.1913
SP - 39
EP - 76
PB - Pensoft Publishers
M1 - Versioned wiki page: 2013-05-13, version 34717, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Placospongia_carinata&oldid=34717 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.

M3 - doi:10.3897/zookeys.298.1913

Wikipedia/ Citizendium:

<ref name="Becking2013ZooKeys298">{{Citation
| author = Becking L
| title = Revision of the genus Placospongia (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida, Placospongiidae) in the Indo-West Pacific
| journal = ZooKeys
| year = 2013
| volume = 298
| issue =
| pages = 39--76
| pmid =
| publisher = Pensoft Publishers
| doi = 10.3897/zookeys.298.1913
| url = http://www.pensoft.net/journals/zookeys/article/1913/abstract
| pmc =
| accessdate = 2025-04-03

}} Versioned wiki page: 2013-05-13, version 34717, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Placospongia_carinata&oldid=34717 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.</ref>

See also the citation download page at the journal.


Taxonavigation

Ordo: Hadromerida
Familia: Placospongiidae
Genus: Placospongia

Name

Placospongia carinata (Bowerbank, 1858) – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile

Material examined

Holotype. “South Sea”: BMNH R1228 - 86g - Bk.1390 (slide), R1275 - PE01 - Bk1390 (slide).
Vosmaer & Vernhout (1902), Siboga expedition: RMNH POR. 755; RMNH POR. 754; RMNH POR. 744. Other material: RMNH POR. 4484, RMNH POR. 3943, RMNH POR. 3944, RMNH POR. 4485, RMNH POR. 3945, RMNH POR. 3946, RMNH POR. 3947, RMNH POR. 3948, RMNH POR. 3949, RMNH POR. 3950; RMNH POR. 3951, RMNH POR. 3952, RMNH POR. 3953, RMNH POR. 3954, RMNH POR. 3955, RMNH POR. 4482, RMNH POR. 3956, RMNH POR. 3957, RMNH POR. 4483, RMNH POR. 3958; ZMA Por. 8813ZMA Por. 09578; ZMA Por. 11367, ZMA Por. 16584, ZMA Por. 10727, ZMA Por. 1818, ZMA Por. 10481, ZMA Por. 20735; ZMA POR.9189. (See Table 2 for full details per specimen)

Table 2. Location details of reviewed specimens of Placospongia carinata.
registration number fieldcode country province region island locality habitat latitude longitude depth (m.) date collector
RMNH POR. 744 #1500 Indonesia Moluccas W of Aru Kur benthic hard 20-40 6.xii.1899 Siboga expedition
RMNH POR. 754 #1458 Philippines Sulu Sea Ubian islands anchorage off North Ubian lithothamnion 06°7.5'N, 120°26'E 23 28.vi.1899 Siboga expedition
RMNH POR. 755 #1848 Indonesia West Papua Raja Ampat Misool sand, stones 02°28'.5S, 131°3'.3E 32 20.viii.1899 Siboga expedition
RMNH POR. 3943 #KKB/mol716 Indonesia East Kalimantan Berau Kakaban Kakaban lake marine lake 02°08'57.3"N, 118°31'26.4"E 0-2 ix.2008 L.E.Becking
RMNH POR. 3944 #KKB/mol754 Indonesia East Kalimantan Berau Kakaban Kakaban lake marine lake 02°08'57.3"N, 118°31'26.4"E 0-2 ix.2008 L.E.Becking
RMNH POR. 3945 #KKB/mol780 Indonesia East Kalimantan Berau Kakaban Kakaban lake marine lake 02°08'57.3"N, 118°31'26.4"E 0-2 ix.2008 L.E.Becking
RMNH POR. 3946 #KKB/mol810 Indonesia East Kalimantan Berau Kakaban Kakaban lake marine lake 02°08'57.3"N, 118°31'26.4"E 0-2 ix.2008 L.E.Becking
RMNH POR. 3947 #KKB/mol814 Indonesia East Kalimantan Berau Kakaban Kakaban lake marine lake 02°08'57.3"N, 118°31'26.4"E 0-2 ix.2008 L.E.Becking
RMNH POR. 3948 #KKB/mol825 Indonesia East Kalimantan Berau Kakaban Kakaban lake marine lake 02°08'57.3"N, 118°31'26.4"E 0-2 ix.2008 L.E.Becking
RMNH POR. 3949 #KKB/mol713 Indonesia East Kalimantan Berau Kakaban Kakaban lake marine lake 02°08'57.3"N, 118°31'26.4"E 0-2 ix.2008 L.E.Becking
RMNH POR. 3950 #KKB/mol1068 Indonesia East Kalimantan Berau Kakaban Kakaban lake marine lake 02°08'57.3"N, 118°31'26.4"E 0-2 ix.2008 L.E.Becking
RMNH POR. 3951 #MA/mol700 Indonesia East Kalimantan Berau Maratua Haji Buang lake marine lake 02°12'31.2"N, 118°35'46.8"E 0-2 ix.2008 L.E.Becking
RMNH POR. 3952 #MA/mol975 Indonesia East Kalimantan Berau Maratua Haji Buang lake marine lake 02°12'31.2"N, 118°35'46.8"E 0-2 ix.2008 L.E.Becking
RMNH POR. 3953 #MA/mol947 Indonesia East Kalimantan Berau Maratua Haji Buang lake marine lake 02°12'31.2"N, 118°35'46.8"E 0-2 ix.2008 L.E.Becking
RMNH POR. 3954 #MA/mol1055 Indonesia East Kalimantan Berau Maratua Haji Buang lake marine lake 02°12'31.2"N, 118°35'46.8"E 0-2 ix.2008 L.E.Becking
RMNH POR. 3955 #MA/mol1012 Indonesia East Kalimantan Berau Maratua Haji Buang lake marine lake 02°12'31.2"N, 118°35'46.8"E 0-2 ix.2008 L.E.Becking
RMNH POR. 3956 #MA/mol1001 Indonesia East Kalimantan Berau Maratua Haji Buang lake marine lake 02°12'31.2"N, 118°35'46.8"E 0-2 ix.2008 L.E.Becking
RMNH POR. 3957 #MA/mol1009 Indonesia East Kalimantan Berau Maratua Haji Buang lake marine lake 02°12'31.2"N, 118°35'46.8"E 0-2 ix.2008 L.E.Becking
RMNH POR. 3958 #MA/mol1500 Indonesia East Kalimantan Berau Maratua Haji Buang lake marine lake 02°12'31.2"N, 118°35'46.8"E 0-2 ix.2008 L.E.Becking
RMNH POR. 4482 #MA/mol1061 Indonesia East Kalimantan Berau Maratua Haji Buang lake marine lake 02°12'31.2"N, 118°35'46.8"E 0-2 ix.2008 L.E.Becking
RMNH POR. 4483 #MA/LE172 Indonesia East Kalimantan Berau Maratua Haji Buang lake marine lake 02°12'31.2"N, 118°35'46.8"E 0-2 ix.2008 L.E.Becking
RMNH POR. 4484 #KKB/mol110 Indonesia East Kalimantan Berau Kakaban Kakaban lake marine lake 02°08'57.3"N, 118°31'26.4"E 0-2 ix.2008 L.E.Becking
RMNH POR. 4485 #KKB/mol763 Indonesia East Kalimantan Berau Kakaban Kakaban lake marine lake 02°08'57.3"N, 118°31'26.4"E 0-2 ix.2008 L.E.Becking
ZMA Por. 1818 Indonesia Maluku Banda islands Banda anchorage reef 04°32'23.3"S, 129°54'28.8"E 9-45 22.xi.1899 Siboga expedition
ZMA Por. 9578 Singapore Pulau Salu reef 01°12'59.0"N, 103°42'25.2"E 2 22.xii.1977 H. Moll
ZMA Por. 8813 Indonesia Nusa Tenggara Komodo NE cape reef 08°28'60.0"S, 119°34'4.8"E 30 19.ix.1984 R.W.M. van Soest (Snellius II Expedition)
ZMA Por. 9189 India Laccadive Islands Agatti 20-25 1987 National Institute of Oceanography
ZMA Por. 10481 Seychelles Mahé Mahé SE coast, near Pointe Cocos reef 35-45 24.xii.1992 R.W.M. van Soest
ZMA Por. 10727 Seychelles Mahé Mahé NE Point reef 04°34'59.9"S, 055°28'0.1"E 1 14.xii.1992 R.W.M. van Soest
ZMA Por. 11367 Seychelles Mahé N of Aride reef 04°10'59.9"S, 055°40'0.1"E 40 19.xii.1992 R.W.M. van Soest
ZMA Por. 16584 Seychelles Mahé Mahé SW coast, Baie Lazare, Anse Gaulettes reef 04°10'59.9"S, 055°40'0.1"E 1-4 6.xii.1992 R.W.M. van Soest
ZMA Por. 20735 Seychelles Mahé reef 1992 R.W.M. van Soest

Description

Reviewed material is encrusting and/or branching. External morphology follows the description of the genus. Color of live specimens can be purple brown, chocolate brown, milk coffee brown, orange brown, orange, cream, or white (Fig. 1, 2). Color of choanosome is pale beige. After preservation in ethanol specimens retain some color of the live coloration.
Spicules. Holotype slide with spicules R1228-86g-Bk.1390 (BMNH) and slide with thick section R1275-PE01-Bk1390 (BMNH) (Fig. 4): megascleres large straight tylostyles with blunt ends 500-7 10-820 × 10-13-15 × 10-15-18 μm, small straight tylostyles with sharp ends 140-317-450 × 5-8-25 × 8-9-13 μm; microscleres selenasters 80-90-98 μm, streptasters with varying number of (spined) rays (5-10) with bifurcating endings or tufts 23-34-43 × 8-15 μm, acantho microrhabds 8-12-18 × 1-2.5 μm, spherasters absent. The range within the examined material (Table 1 & Fig. 5): megascleres large tylostyles 540-990 × 8-18 × 10-18 μ m, small tylostyles 175-550 × 3-10 × 3-13 μ m; microscleres selenasters 50-85 × 35-70 μ m, streptasters 15-48 × 5-18 μ m, acanthose microrhabds 5-18 × 1-2.5 μ m, spherasters absent.
Skeleton. As description of genus with addition that microrhabds form a layer over and amidst the selenaster cortex and are also prevalent in choanosomal tissue. Spirasters scattered in choanosome.

Distribution

East African coast to eastern Indonesia (Fig. 9, Table 2). Originally described from the ‘South Sea’, presumably the South Pacific Ocean. This has been interpreted by some (Rützler 2002[1], van Soest et al. 2011[2]) to be Palau or Vanuatu, but this remains speculative. Based on the reviewed material and literature the minimal distribution is from Madagascar (Lévi 1956[3]), to the Seychelles, and across Indonesia to the Aru Islands (Table 2). Distribution may extend further East.

Ecology

Depth 0–45m. In Indonesia rarely found in reef environment, but high abundance in marine lakes. Possibly higher prevalence in reefs in Eastern Africa, based on the ZMA Por. collection from the Seychelles and the publication from Madagascar (Lévi 1956[3]).

Remarks

The Bowerbank description from 1858 should be considered as the original description of ‘Geodia carinata’, now accepted as Placospongia carinata,with plates XXV fig. 19 and XXVI fig. 10 representing the streptasters (“arborescent elongo-subsphero-stella”). Subsequently in 1874 Bowerbank published a more extensive description of “Geodia carinata” including a drawing of the streptasters (fig. 3, p.299) and spined microrhabds (“minute multiangulated cylindrical retentive spicula”, fig. 2, p.299) that he described as characteristic of the species. In neither publication registration numbers were provided, however. The habitus drawing in fig. 5, p.299 of Bowerbank publication in 1874 is identical to the specimen BMNH95.6.7.1 that I received from the BMNH after requesting the holotype for Placospongia carinata. In addition, I received the slides of spicules (codes: R1228, 86g, Bk.1390) and of the thick cut (codes: R1275, PE01, Bk1390) that were labeled to belong to the holotype (Fig. 5). Upon inspection I discovered that the specimen BMNH 95.6.7.1 is in fact a Placospongia melobesioides, while the two slides do indeed represent Placospongia carinata containing the characteristic streptasters with bifurcating endings and the microrhabds as indicated in the Bowerbank images and in the images taken from these slides in Fig. 5. The slides clearly do not come from the specimen BMNH 95.6.7.1. In the 16 years between Bowerbank’s 1858[4] and 1874[5] publications, I fear that there has been some exchange or misinterpretation of the labels of the specimens resulting in the incorrect assignment of specimen BMNH 95.6.7.1 to the slides and as the holotype of Placospongia carinata. This specimen BMNH 95.6.7.1, furthermore, has two labels attached to it: one with “Geodia carinata”, and one with “Placospongia melobesioides”. According to Bowerbank (1874)[5] three specimens had been reviewed for his manuscript: one received from his friend Mr. Thos. Ingall in 1854, one placed by Dr. Baird from the coral to the sponge collection in the BMNH, and one specimen purchased by Bowerbank in 1864. The first mentioned specimen is presumably the holotype, but as this specimen has not been located, I propose to designate the slides R1228-86g-Bk.1390 and R1275-PE01-Bk1390 as representing the holotype of Placospongia carinata.

Taxon Treatment

  • Becking, L; 2013: Revision of the genus Placospongia (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida, Placospongiidae) in the Indo-West Pacific ZooKeys, 298: 39-76. doi

Other References

  1. ↑ Rützler K (2002) Family Placospongiidae Gray, 1867. In: Hooper JNA, van Soest RW M (Ed.) Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. 1 (Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers: New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow), Pp. 196–200.doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_21
  2. ↑ van Soest R, Boury-Esnault N, Hooper J, Rützler K, de Voogd N, Alvarez d, Hajdu E, Pisera A, Manconi R, Schoenberg C, Janussen D, Tabachnick K, Klautau M, Picton B, Kelly M (2011) World Porifera database. Available online at http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera. [accessed 31.I.2011]
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lévi C (1956) Spongiaires des côtes de Madagascar. Mémoires de l’Institut scientifique de Madagascar (A) 10: 1-23.
  4. ↑ Bowerbank J (1858) On the Anatomy and Physiology of the Spongiadae. Part I. On the Spicula. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 148 (2): 279-332.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Bowerbank J (1874) Contributions to a General History of the Spongiadae. Part VI. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1874: 298–305, pls XLVI-XLVII.

Images

Figure 1. In situ underwater images of Placospongia spp. in Indonesia, displaying natural variation in color and growth form of live specimens. A Placospongia mixta (by L.E. Becking) B Placospongia carinata (by L.E. Becking) C Placospongia carinata (by L.E. Becking) D Placospongia melobesioides (by N.J. de Voogd).
Figure 1. In situ underwater images of Placospongia spp. in Indonesia, displaying natural variation in color and growth form of live specimens. A Placospongia mixta (by L.E. Becking) B Placospongia carinata (by L.E. Becking) C Placospongia carinata (by L.E. Becking) D Placospongia melobesioides (by N.J. de Voogd). 
Figure 2. Gradation of external coloration in preserved specimens. A Placospongia mixta RMNH POR. 4492 B Placospongia mixta RMNH POR. 4113 C Placospongia carinata RMNH POR. 4482 D Placospongia carinata RMNH POR. 4483 E Placospongia mixta RMNH POR. 3979 F Placospongia melobesioides RMNH POR. 4114.
Figure 2. Gradation of external coloration in preserved specimens. A Placospongia mixta RMNH POR. 4492 B Placospongia mixta RMNH POR. 4113 C Placospongia carinata RMNH POR. 4482 D Placospongia carinata RMNH POR. 4483 E Placospongia mixta RMNH POR. 3979 F Placospongia melobesioides RMNH POR. 4114. 
Figure 4. Placospongia carinata slide of holotype (BMNH, R1228, 86g, Bk.1390; R1275, PE01, Bk1390). A large tylostyle (scale=200 μ m) B small tylostyle (scale=50 μ m) C selenaster (scale=50 μ m) D close up of large tylostyle (scale=50 μ m) E close up of small tylostyle F streptasters (scale=50 μ m) G acanthose microrhabds H original slide of thick section of holotype I original slide of spicules of holotype.
Figure 4. Placospongia carinata slide of holotype (BMNH, R1228, 86g, Bk.1390; R1275, PE01, Bk1390). A large tylostyle (scale=200 μ m) B small tylostyle (scale=50 μ m) C selenaster (scale=50 μ m) D close up of large tylostyle (scale=50 μ m) E close up of small tylostyle F streptasters (scale=50 μ m) G acanthose microrhabds H original slide of thick section of holotype I original slide of spicules of holotype. 
Figure 5. Placospongia carinata (RMNH POR. 4483). A selenaster B large tylostyle (head and blunt end) C small tylostyle (head and hastate end) D streptasters, E. acanthose microrhabds.
Figure 5. Placospongia carinata (RMNH POR. 4483). A selenaster B large tylostyle (head and blunt end) C small tylostyle (head and hastate end) D streptasters, E. acanthose microrhabds. 
Figure 9. Distribution of Placospongia spp. in the Indo-West Pacific. Location of symbols is approximate.
Figure 9. Distribution of Placospongia spp. in the Indo-West Pacific. Location of symbols is approximate. 
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