Heterodontosauridae
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Familia: Heterodontosauridae
Name
Kuhn, 1966 – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile
Emended diagnosis
Small-bodied ornithischians with the following features that may constitute heterodontosaurid synapomorphies in phylogenetic context: (1) three or fewer premaxillary teeth; (2) premaxillary teeth increase in size distally; (3) dentary caniniform tooth associated with an arched premaxilla-maxilla diastema; (4) nasal fossa, dorsomedian with rounded lateral margins; (5) jugal flange, ventral embayment of jugal-quadratojugal embayment; (6) jugal horn below orbit, laterally directed and dorsoventrally compressed; (7) postorbital body, arcuate fossa with raised anterior rim; (8) quadrate head included within laterotemporal fossa; (9) quadrate condyle, articular surface ventrolaterally inclined at approximately 30°; (10) quadratojugal T-shaped; (11) predentary processes (lateral, ventral) rudimentary; (12) dentary ramus stoutly proportioned, substantial depth at mid ramus compared to length; (13) fibular mid-shaft and distal end reduced.
Phylogenetic definition
The most inclusive clade containing Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton and Charig 1962[1] but not Parasaurolophus walkeri Parks 1922[2], Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis (Gilmore 1931[3]), Triceratops horridus Marsh 1889[4], Ankylosaurus magniventris Brown 1908[5].
This stem-based phylogenetic definition (Sereno 2005b[6]) includes, but does not reach beyond, all currently known heterodontosaurids under all proposed phylogenetic interpretations of the position of heterodontosaurids within Ornithischia (e.g., Sereno 1999[7]; Butler et al. 2008[8]). The first and only previous phylogenetic definition proposed for Heterodontosauridae (Sereno 1998[9]: 61) is similar but lacks the negative specifiers of the present definition that stabilize its taxonomic content under alternative phylogenetic relationships.
Temporal and geographic range
Late Triassic (Norian) to Early Cretaceous (Barremian-Aptian), ca. 216–125 Ma (Gradstein and Ogg 2009[10]; Martinez et al. 2011[11]); global distribution includes northern localities (northern China, western North America, Europe) and southern localities (southern South America, southern Africa) (Fig. 1). The record of heterodontosaurids from the Late Triassic currently depends upon the interpretation of the poorly known Pisanosaurus mertii (Bonaparte 1976[12]; Sereno 1991[13]) and other fragmentary remains from Upper Triassic rocks elsewhere in Argentina (Báez and Marsicano 2001[14]).
Comments
Kuhn (1966)[15] is identified as the author of the taxon Heterodontosauridae, although Romer (1966)[16] independently proposed the same taxon in the same year (synchronous publication noted by Kuhn 1967[17]: 77, 122). In the literature, some cite Romer as the author of the taxon (e.g., Smith 1997[18]; Sereno 1998[9]; Sereno 2005b[6]), some Kuhn (e.g., Norman et al. 2004[19], 2011[20]), and some Kuhn and Romer with one author in parentheses (e.g., Steel 1969[21]). Establishing priority by publication date in this case is no longer possible, and, unlike Romer, Kuhn also briefly diagnosed the family-level taxon. Here Kuhn is recognized as the author of Heterodontosauridae (P. Galton, pers. comm.).
Many of the cranial and postcranial apomorphies listed in the emended diagnosis were known previously only in Heterodontosaurus tucki but now are known in at least one other heterodontosaurid. When coded into a phylogenetic analysis, some of these features might be repositioned at nodes within Heterodontosauridae (under delayed transformation), given the large amount of missing data in known taxa. The list, nonetheless, attempts to capture as many skeletal modifications that are shared by Heterodontosaurus tucki and at least one other basal heterodontosaurid and may characterize the group. The features listed are discussed in more detail below (under Heterodontosaurid monophyly) and in Appendix I.
Taxon Treatment
- Sereno, P; 2012: Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs ZooKeys, 226: 1-225. doi
Other References
- ↑ Crompton A, Charig A (1962) A new ornithischian from the Upper Triassic of South Africa. Nature 196: 1074-1077. doi: 10.1038/1961074a0
- ↑ Parks W (1922) Parasaurolophus walkeri, a new genus and species of crested trachodont dinosaur. University of Toronto Studies (Geological Series) 13: 1-32.
- ↑ Gilmore C (1931) A new species of troödont dinosaur from the Lance Formation of Wyoming. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 79: 1-6. doi: 10.5479/si.00963801.79-2875.1
- ↑ Marsh O (1889) Notice of gigantic horned Dinosauria from the Cretaceous. American Journal of Science (Series 3) 38: 173–175.
- ↑ Brown B (1908) The Ankylosauridae, a new family of armored dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 24: 187-201.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Sereno P (2005b) Stem Archosauria—TaxonSearch, http://www.taxonsearch.org/ [version 1.0, 2005 November 7, Chicago]
- ↑ Sereno P (1999) The evolution of dinosaurs. Science 284: 2137-2147. doi: 10.1126/science.284.5423.2137
- ↑ Butler R, Porro L, Norman D (2008) A juvenile skull of the primitive ornithischian dinosaur Heterodontosaurus tucki from the ‘Stormberg’ of southern Africa. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28: 702-711. doi: [702:AJSOTP2.0.CO;2 10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[702:AJSOTP]2.0.CO;2]
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Sereno P (1998) A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher-level taxonomy of Dinosauria. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 210: 41-83.
- ↑ Gradstein F, Ogg J (2009) The geologic time scale. In: Hedges S Kumar S (Eds). , The Timetree of Life. Oxford University Press, Oxford: 26-34.
- ↑ Martinez R, Sereno P, Alcober O, Colombi C, Renne PR et a (2011) A basal dinosaur from the dawn of the dinosaur era in southwestern Pangaea. Science 331: 206-210. doi: 10.1126/science.1198467
- ↑ Bonaparte J (1976) Pisanosaurus mertii Casamiquela and the origin of the Ornithischia. Journal of Paleontology 50: 808-820.
- ↑ Sereno P (1991) Lesothosaurus, “fabrosaurids,” and the early evolution of Ornithischia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 11: 168–197. doi 10.1080/02724634.1991.10011386
- ↑ Báez A, Marsicano C (2001) A heterodontosaurid ornithischian dinosaur from the Upper Triassic of Patagonia. Ameghiniana 38: 271-279.
- ↑ Kuhn O (1966) Die Reptilien. Verlag Oeben, Krailling near Munich, 154 pp.
- ↑ Romer A (1966) Vertebrate Paleontology, 3rd ed. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 468 pp.
- ↑ Kuhn O (1967) Amphibien und Reptilien. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 124 pp.
- ↑ Smith J (1997) Heterodontosauridae. In: Currie P Padian K (Eds). Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Academic Press, San Diego: 317-320.
- ↑ Norman D, Sues H, Witmer L, Coria R (2004) Basal Ornithopoda. In: Weishampel D Dodson P Osmólska H (Eds). The Dinosauria, 2nd ed. University of California Press, Berkeley: 393-412. doi: 10.1525/california/9780520242098.003.0021
- ↑ Norman D, Crompton A, Butler R, Porro L, Charig A (2011) The Lower Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton and Charig 1962: cranial anatomy, functional morphology, taxonomy, and relationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162: 182-279.
- ↑ Steel R (1969) Ornithischia. Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie 15: 1-84.
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