Dragmacidon kishinensis

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Taxonavigation

Ordo: Halichondrida
Familia: Axinellidae
Genus: Dragmacidon

Name

Dragmacidon kishinensis Austin & Ott & Reiswig & Romagosa & McDaniel, 2013 sp. n. – Wikispecies link – ZooBank link – Pensoft Profile

Etymology

After the ancient First Nation (aboriginal) village site kiix?in (pronounced keeshin) which includes Execution Rock Cave, Barkley Sound, BC, where a specimen was collected in the low intertidal.

Material examined

Holotype: RBCM 013-00115-001, KML1111, PEI 44, Steep I., Discovery Passage, BC, (50°4.94'N, 125°15.35'W), 30 m depth, coll. N. McDaniel, Feb. 26, 1976, 1 specimen & in situ image. Paratype: CMNI 2013–-0002, KML1113, KML 139/80, Limestone I., BC, (ca. 52°55'N, 131°36'W), 3 m depth, coll. W.C. Austin, July 4, 1980, 1 specimen.
Other material. KML1112, PEI 130, Copper Cliffs, Discovery Passage, BC, (50°6.40'N, 125°15.35'W), 15 m depth, coll. N. McDaniel, Apr. 16, 1978, 1 specimen; KML1114, PEI 53, Grilse Pt. Texada I, BC, (49°48.03'N, 124°35.79'W), 10 m depth, coll. N. McDaniel, Mar. 13, 1977, 1 specimen; KML1116, PEI 49, Vivian I., BC, (49°50.28'N, 124°41.96'W), 15 m depth, coll. N. McDaniel, Apr. 10, 1976, 1 specimen; KML1121, Sta. no data, Rennell Sound, BC, (ca. 53°24'N, 132°44'W.), depth no data, coll. M. LeBlanc, Apr. 14, 1989, 2 specimens; KML1294, KML 127/76, Execution Rock Cave (48°48.9'N, 125°10.6'W), 0.2 m height, coll. W.C. Austin, July 28, 1976, 1 specimen; RBCM 976-1081, Entrance I., Tasu Sound, BC, (ca. 52°46.04'N, 132°03.55'W), depth no data, coll. P. Lambert, 1976, 1 specimen; RBCM 974-230-3, Brundige Inlet, BC, (ca. 54°37'N, 130°50'W), coll. P. Lambert, June 19, 1974, depth no data.

Description

Macroscopic features. Thick, encrusting, unbranched form, 20 × 20 × 4 cm thick in holotype. Surface with abundant, small (1 mm diam.) and large (1 cm × 1–3 cm) irregular tubercles (Fig. 2A). Consistency preserved: moderately compressible but tough. Oscula numerous, flush with surface and ranging from 0.2 to 4 mm diameter. Aquiferous canals tangential with those near surface leading to oscula. Orange colour in life (Fig. 2A), light tan in alcohol. Microscopic features. Ostia about 0.5 mm diam. in situ penetrate a thin surface membrane between lobes (Fig. 2B); weakly developed plumoreticulate skeleton of 50-100 um diameter fibers extend from base to surface; uni or pauci spicular cross connections (Fig. 2C); halichondroid (confused) skeleton toward the base. No specialized ectosomal skeleton and no axial skeleton.

Spicules

Spicule types include straight oxeas (Fig. 2E), slightly curved styles (Fig. 2G), and strongyles. Oxea tips gradually and sharply pointed; style heads smoothly rounded, slightly narrower than main style body. Styles and oxeas mostly slightly curved or straight; a few strongly curved or sinuous. Strongyles uncommon to rare.
Table 2 lists spicule dimensions.
Oxea and styles in about equal numbers, and of equivalent length. A second category of styles (styles II), while of comparable length to style 1, much thinner. Also much less abundant in two specimens and absent in eight other specimens. Strongyles of comparable width to oxeas and style I, but shorter; few in number in seven specimens and absent in three other specimens. No loose raphids or trichodragmas observed.

Table 2. Spicule measurements of six specimens of Dragmacidon kishinensis sp. n. examined in detail N=50 unless indicated.

Accession No.	Location	Sponge Tissue	Styles 1
			L (µm)	W (µm)
KML1113	Limestone I., BC		493–(916)–1300	11–(16.1)–28.6
KML1111	Steep I., BC		550–(1037)–1960	7.4–(18.0)–33
KML1112	Copper Cliffs, BC		630–(851)–1100	11–(19.6)–30.8
KML1114	Texada I, BC		520–(955)–1285	11–(14.5)–28.6
KML1116	Vivian I., BC	Ectosome	330–(738)–1060	11–(16.9)–26.1
KML1116	Vivian I., BC	Choanosome	580–(872)–1180	6.6–(15.7)–24.2
KML1121 Specimen A	Rennell Sound, BC	Ectosome	300–(591)–970	8.8–(16)–26.4
KML1121 Specimen A	Rennell Sound, BC	Choanosome	460–(809)–1150	8.8–(14.7)–22
KML1121 Specimen B	Rennell Sound BC	Ectosome	550–(930)–1238	8.8–(13.8)–19.8
KML1121 Specimen B	Rennell Sound BC	Choanosome	530–(910)–1060	4.4–(11.9)–17.6
KML1113	Limestone I., BC		580–(857)–1200	2.2–(6.1)–11
KML1111	Steep I., BC		500–(816)–1050 (n=19)	2.2–(7.4)–11 (n=19)
KML1112	Copper Cliffs, BC		n=0
KML1114	Texada I, BC		n=0
KML1116	Vivian I., BC	Ectosome	n=0
KML1116	Vivian I., BC	Choanosome	n=0
KML1121 Specimen A	Rennell Sound, BC	Ectosome	n=0
KML1121 Specimen A	Rennell Sound, BC	Choanosome	n=0
KML1121 Specimen B	Rennell Sound BC	Ectosome	n=0
KML1121 Specimen B	Rennell Sound BC	Choanosome	n=0
KML1113	Limestone I., BC		690–(1033)–1300	14.4–(20.8)–30.8
KML1111	Steep I., BC		904–(1200)–1593	12.4–(27.3)–42.2
KML1112	Copper Cliffs, BC		670–(983)–1214	15.4–(28.1)–46.2
KML1114	Texada I, BC		670–(1029)–1380	15.4–(24.2)–33
KML1116	Vivian I., BC	Ectosome	480–(890)–1200	15.4–(27.1)–37.4
KML1116	Vivian I., BC	Choanosome	780–(1021)–1238	13.2–(25.1)–35.2
KML1121 Specimen A	Rennell Sound, BC	Ectosome	390–(701)–1010	11–(21.9)–35.2
KML1121 Specimen A	Rennell Sound, BC	Choanosome	440–(966)–1285	15.4–(26.9)–33
KML1121 Specimen B	Rennell Sound BC	Ectosome	810–(1096)–1380	8.8–(19.3)–26.4
KML1121 Specimen B	Rennell Sound BC	Choanosome	500–(1006)–1285	3.3–(15.2)–26.4
KML1113	Limestone I., BC		520–(707)–800 (n=3)	22–(26.4)–33 (n=3)
KML1111	Steep I., BC		n=0
KML1112	Copper Cliffs, BC		580–(660)–770 (n=3)	15.4–(23.5)–28.6 (n=3)
KML1114	Texada I, BC		580–(750)–900 (n=4)	15.4–(18.2)–22 (n=4)
KML1116	Vivian I., BC	Ectosome	220–(622)–900 (n=14)	15.4–(31.1)–44 (n=14)
KML1116	Vivian I., BC	Choanosome	570–(735)–900 (n=2)	22–(27.5)–33 (n=2)
KML1121 Specimen A	Rennell Sound, BC	Ectosome	210–(399)–730 (n=19)	17.6–(26.2)35.2 (n=19)
KML1121 Specimen A	Rennell Sound, BC	Choanosome	170–(467)–690 (n=6)	19.8–(26.4)–35.2 (n=6)
KML1121 Specimen B	Rennell Sound BC	Ectosome	n=0
KML1121 Specimen B	Rennell Sound BC	Choanosome	n=0

Remarks

The paucity of thin styles suggests that these are developmental stages. The strongyles may be anomalies or, alternatively, may be associated with one area of the sponge such as the oscula or the area of attachment to the substrate.
The choanosomal skeleton of Dragmacidon kishinensis sp. n. is only weakly plumose. In our material the linear tracts are also less dense than in the type species Dragmacidon agariciformis (Dendy, 1905). In other respects it fits the diagnosis for Dragmacidon which includes species that are thickly encrusting, the surface with tubercles, ectosome without a specialized skeleton, and skeleton not differentiated into an axial or extra-axial region. It also has both oxeas and styles of similar form and in similar numbers.
It does not fit the diagnosis for Axinyssa where the choanosomal skeleton is confused; and where the spicules may be oxeas, strongyloxeas or stylote modifications of oxeas (Erpenbeck and Van Soest 2002)
Twenty-six species of Dragmacidon are presently recognized (van Soest et al. 2005: World Porifera Database, accessed February 2013).
Eight species can be excluded from being conspecific based on their having trichodragmas which are lacking in Dragmacidon kishinensis sp. n. All but two of the remaining species without trichodragmas have oxeas and styles which are at least 50% shorter than those in Dragmacidon kishinensis sp. n. The first exception is Dragmacidon oxeon which has styles and oxeas only slightly shorter than those in Dragmacidon kishinensis sp. n.; however, it differs from Dragmacidon kishinensis sp. n. in having a well developed detachable membrane. The second exception is Dragmacidon egregium (Ridley, 1881) which has two classes of styles, one 650–900 µm in length but the other as well as the oxeas only up to 400–450 µm in length.
The weakly developed skeleton is similar to that in Dragmacidon grayi (Wells & Wells in Wells et al. 1960) as described by Alvarez et al. (1998).
Dragmacidon kishinensis sp. n. shows some similarities to species of Axinyssa (Halichondridae) including a disorganized skeleton with, in some species, vaguely ascending vertical tracts toward the periphery. Spicules include oxeas and/or strongyloxeas, here considered to have a fusiform shaft which is pointed at one end and rounded at the other. Dragmacidon kishinensis sp. n. spicules consist of oxeas and styles, the latter are isodiametric rather than being fusiform. There are 28 described species of Axinyssa (van Soest et al. consulted August 2013). They are nearly all tropical.

Conclusions

Based on the comparisons listed in Table 3, our Dragmacidon is a new species. The combination of spicule types and sizes in Dragmacidon kishinensis sp. n. do not match any other Dragmacidon species described. The reduction of a plumoreticulate skeleton and evidence of unoriented spicules suggests a possible affinity with Axinyssa spp. but the latter have only oxeas or strongyloxeas while our species has both oxeas and styles as found in some Dragmacidon spp. Finally, we would not expect to find an Axinyssa sp. in the cold temperate waters of British Columbia.

Table 3. Compares the spicules of Dragmacidon kishinensis sp. n. to other species of Dragmacidon.

Dragmacidon agariciforme (Dendy, 1905), p. 186	Indian Ocean	Has trichodragmas
Dragmacidon australe (Bergquist, 1970), p. 20	Australia, New Zealand	Surface extremely hispid, oxeas 217–260–339, styles 320–367–406
Dragmacidon clathriforme (Lendenfeld, 1888), p. 82	Australia	Sponge lobate; has trichodragmas
Dragmacidon coccineum (Keller, 1891), p. 307	Indian Ocean	Has trichodragmas
Dragmacidon condylia (Hooper & Lévi, 1993), p. 1405	New Caledonia	Oxeas 208–289–360, styles same
Dragmacidon debitusae (Hooper & Lévi, 1993), p. 1437	New Caledonia	Oxeas 223–503 styles same, rare
Dragmacidon decipiens (Wiedenmayer, 1989), p. 47	Bass Str., Australia	Strongyles 542–770; oxeas styles 278–350–483
Dragmacidon durissimum (Dendy, 1905)	Indian Ocean	Has trichodragmas
Dragmacidon egregium (Ridley, 1881)	S. Chile; N. Atlantic	Ectosomal styles 230–450, oxeas 280–400, axial styles 650–900
Dragmacidon explicatum (Wiedenmayer, 1977), p. 159	Bahamas, N. Carolina	Styles 255–332–400 and oxeas 287–333–375
Dragmacidon fibrosum (Ridley & Dendy, 1886), p. 481	Str. of Magellan	No oxeas; styles 630
Dragmacidon grayi (Wells, Wells & Gray, 1960)	N. Carolina	Oxeas 360–460 and styles 240–300
Dragmacidon incrustans (Whitelegge, 1897), p. 339	Gilbert/Ellise Is., S. Pacific	Styles 200–400 and oxeas 350
Dragmacidon lunaecharta (Ridley & Dendy, 1886), p. 481	Cape Verde E. Atlantic, Africa	No styles and oxeas 350–400
Dragmacidon mexicanum (de Laubenfels, 1935), p. 6	Gulf of California	Sponge very hispid; styles 400, and oxeas 300–465
Dragmacidon mutans (Sarà, 1978)	Tierra del Fuego	Styles 100–220, oxeas 200
Dragmacidon ophisclera de Laubenfels, 1935, p. 7	Gulf of California	Styles 1200; oxeas 650 smaller; loose raphids and trichodragmas present
Dragmacidon oxeon (Dickinson, 1945), p. 32	Gulf of California	Easily detached dermal membrane; styles 900, oxeas 600–1150, slightly smaller than Dragmacidon kishinensis sp. n.
Dragmacidon reticulatum (Ridley & Dendy, 1886), p. 481	Gulf of California	Styles 450 and oxeas 450
Dragmacidon sanguineum (Burton, 1933)	Natal	Styles 140 and oxeas 211
Dragmacidon tuberosum (Topsent, 1928), p. 178	Boavista Is., E. Atlantic, Africa	Has trichodragmas; styles 315–420, oxeas 370–420
Dragmacidon tumidum (Dendy, 1897), p. 236	S. Australia	No oxeas; small styles 180

Bathymetric range

One intertidal record (0.2 m above 0 m [low tide]) in a cave; otherwise 3 m to 30 m depth.

Zoogeographic range

Recorded from Barkley Sound (49°N) to Rennell Sound (53°N), BC.

Ecology

Dragmacidon kishinensis sp. n. is recorded from high wave or high current energy habitats. The tough, encrusting, non branching form would be structurally adaptive for the physical impacts of strong water movement.

Original Description

• Austin, W; Ott, B; Reiswig, H; Romagosa, P; McDaniel, N; 2013: Two new species in the family Axinellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae) from British Columbia and adjacent waters ZooKeys, 338: 11-28. doi

Images

Figure 2. Dragmacidon kishinensis sp. n. A Holotype B–H Paratype A KML1111, in situ Steep I., BC, scale bar approx. 10 cm B KML1114, in situ Texada I., scale bar approx. 5 cm C KML1113, long. section, periphery to right, scale bar 3 mm D KML1113, cross section scale bar 500 µm E KML1113, oxea, scale bar 500 µm F KML1113, oxea tip, scale bar 100 µm G KML1113, style, scale bar 500 µm H KML1113, head of style, scale bar 100 µm.