Trichosiopsis trochanterata

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Taxonavigation

Ordo: Diptera
Familia: Sciaridae
Genus: Trichosiopsis

Name

Trichosiopsis trochanterata (Zetterstedt, 1851) – Wikispecies link – ZooBank link

  • Sciara trochanterata Zetterstedt, 1851: 847-849[1]
  • Leptosciarella (Leptosciarella) trochanterata (Zetterstedt, 1851)[2]: 54–57, fig. 6
  • Sciara splendens Winnertz, 1867[3]: 140

Type material

Lectotype ♂, in MZLU, no. 558, 20.06.1894, leg. Siebke.

Type locality

Töien, [=Tøyen, district of Oslo], Norway

Additional material examined

Switzerland: 1 ♂, Zürich, Sihlwald, photoeclector, Schiegg, 24.5.-19.06.1996, PKHH 2266; France: 1 ♂, Col de la Schlucht, Nadelwald, sweep netting, Heller, 30.05.2011, PKHH 7839; Germany: Bavaria, 1 ♂, Bischofsheim a.d. Rhön, Buchenwald, sweep netting, Heller, 3.5.-03.06.1994, PKHH 626; 8 ♂, Sonthofen, Hinang, Hinanger Wasserfälle, sweep netting, 29.05.2004, PKHH 4166, PHLK 17; Brandenburg, Hesse, 1 ♂, mixed grass and wood land, Sinntal, sweep netting, Kappert, 10.05.2012; Lower Saxony, 51 ♂, Braunlage, junger Ahorn-Mischwald, yellow pan trap, Heller, 21.-28.05.2006, PKHH 4727; 4 ♀, PKHH 4732; Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, 1 ♂, Karbow, Garten im Wald, Malaise trap, Jaschhof, 11.-13.05.1993, PKHH 5445; Schleswig-Holstein, 1 ♂, Achterwehr, Bruchwald an der Eider, sweep netting, 19.05.1996, PKHH 1400; 1 ♂, Flensburg, Marienhölzung, Wald, Malaise trap, Barkemeyer, 7.-14.06.1996, PKHH 2032; 1 ♂, 17.-24.05.1996, PKHH 2055; 2 ♂, 24.-31.05.1996, PKHH 2050, 2051; 2 ♂, Heikendorf-Kitzeberg, Buchenwald, sweep netting, Heller, 10.05.1991, PKHH 8, 9; 1 ♂, Trent b. Plön, Trentmoor, Malaise trap, Kassebeer, 22.-29.05.1994, PKHH 819; 2 ♂, Wankendorf, Erlenbruch, photoeclector, Hingst, 5.-19.05.1992, PKHH 470, 471; Thuringia, 1 ♂, Kyffhäuser, Eichenwald, sweep netting, Heller, 22.05.2006, PKHH 4751; Sweden: Småland, 32 ♂, Bäckebo, Kalmar Län, Grytsjöns naturreservat, Old aspen forest in boulder terrain, Malaise trap, SMTP, 18.5.-15.06.2006, PKHH 6772, NHRS 2911; 13 ♂, Grytsjöns naurreservat, Old moisty haymaking meadow in forest edge, Malaise trap, SMTP, 4.-19.06.2005, PKHH 7440; 16 ♂, Gränna, Jonköpings län, next to old cellar; Norway spruce forest with big harvested ashes, Malaise trap, SMTP, 10.-24.09.2003, NHRS 3130-3137, 3608-3611, 3993, 3994, 4084, 4085; Öland, 24 ♂, Skogsby, Gamla Skogsby (Kalkstad) "diversitestängen", meadow with bushes, Malaise trap, SMTP, 20.5.-28.06.2006, NHRS 2281-2293, 2450-2451, 2523-2527, 2598-2601.

Description (male)

Head. Eye bridge 5–6 rows of facets. Antenna unicolour. LW-index of 4th flagellomere 1.75–2; neck 0.22–0.32 × segment width; transition of basal part to neck pronounced. Colour of neck unicolour. Antennal setae shorter than segment width; fine; dense; salient. Palpus darkened; long; palpomeres 3. First palpomere elongate; with 6–8 setae; with only sparse sensilla. Second palpomere elongate. Third palpomere as long as first. Thorax. Colour brown. Notum unicolour. Thoracic setae long and strong; brown, or white, or of different colours. Posterior pronotum setose. Postpronotal setae 2–7; fine. Mesothoracic sclerites bare. Legs. Colour yellow. Hind coxa of same colour as femora. Setae on front coxa pale. Front tibial organ as patch of setae; pale; front tibial organ not bordered. Tibial setae on hind legs very strong, as long or longer longer than tibial width. Tibial spurs of equal length. Claws untoothed. Wing. Wing slightly darkened; of normal shape. Wing membrane without macrotrichia. Wing venation weak, with faint stM. M-fork of normal shape. R1 ending at or slightly before base of m-fork; posterior veins with macrotrichia; stM mostly with macrotrichia; CuA1 and CuA2 mostly with macrotrichia; bM setose; r-m mostly setose; bM:r-M 1–1.2; st-Cu:bM 0.25–0.35; R1:R 1.3–1.5; c:w 0.61–0.71. Halter darkened; of normal length. Abdomen. Abdominal setae strong; on tergites dark and pale; on sternites white. Hypopygium concolour with abdomen; LW-index 0.65–0.8. Base of gonocoxites with weak setae; gonocoxites broadly separated; inner margin of gonocoxites typically U-shaped; inner membrane of hypopygium scarcely setose; ventral margin of gonocoxite with short setae. Gonostylus elongate; LW-index 2.75–2.9; Inner margin concave; apex tapered, or equally rounded. Apical tooth present; without internal structure; of medium strength; LW-Index 1.7–2.7. Awl-like setae normal; present beneath apical tooth. Megasetae absent. Whiplash-hair absent. Tegmen 0.58–0.68 × longer than broad; rectangular with rounded edges; without special features; central process absent. Length of ejaculatory apodeme/hypopygium 22–30 %; base of ejaculatory apodeme present. Field with aedeagal teeth inconspicuous. Measurements. Body size 3–3.7 mm. Hind tibia 1.75–1.97 mm. Wing length 3–3.9 mm.

Etymology

gr. trochanter = referring to the coxal appendage of the arthopod leg.

Ecology

Not known in detail, mainly found in forests. The species is sometimes found in large abundance.

Diagnosis

Trichosiopsis trochanterata has nearly the same genitalic characters as all the other species of the trochanterata complex (elongate simple gonostylus and bright hairs on the first abdominal tergites. Unlike the remaining species it is easily recognizable by the completely yellow-coloured legs and the slightly fumose wings. The gonostylus is very long and gradually tapering towards the apex. It shows an indistinct apical angle. The ventral part is slightly concave.

DNA Barcoding

The COI sequence is assigned to BIN BOLD:ACM3303 (average distance 0.46%, max. 1.14%, n=17, K2P: 9.79%).

Discussion

The name Trichosiopsis trochanterata was formerly used for a complex of similar species. These 12 species were or would have been formerly included under the name Tr. trochanterata and thus constitute the trochanterata complex:

Trichosiopsis trochanterata - Trichosiopsis saltuum - Trichosiopsis doczkali - Trichosiopsis intermedia - Trichosiopsis extra - Trichosiopsis sveae - Trichosiopsis kathrinae - Trichosiopsis zanti - Trichosiopsis hispida - Trichosiopsis coarctata - Trichosiopsis incognita - Trichosiopsis hirsutissima

The species of the trochanterata complex mostly share the following characters: Eye-bridge very broad; antennal flagellomeres short, with short necks and densely covered with bright hairs; palpi long, particularly the first palpomere; posterior pronotum setose, with numerous, fine hairs; setae on fore coxa bright; base of gonocoxites without modification; gonostylus long and slender. The last four species additionally have some setae on the laterotergite.

Those species genetically constitute a natural monophyletic group and may at some time be considered to belong to a distinct subgenus. The cryptic or semi-cryptic diversity in this complex could only be revealed and structured by DNA barcoding. Most literature records of Tr. trochanterata and the only remaining synonym therefore need to be checked in order to apply the correct valid names. Even the identification of females may be possible, because the colouration of the legs, wing and body hairs has proven to be very important for the separation of species in this complex.

The Korean “Trichosiopsis trochanterata”[4][5] probably does not belong to this complex and is excluded from the material studied. The corresponding BIN BOLD:ACD7182 indicates a closer relationship with Trichosiopsis yerburyi and Trichosiopsis rejecta.

Distribution

Albany[6], Austria[7][6][2], Bulgaria[8], Czech Republic[9][10][2], Denmark, Finland[11][12][13], France[2][14], Germany[15][16][7][17][18][2][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29], Great Britain[30][2][31], Ireland[31], Italy[32][2], Hungary[33], Ireland[31], Korea, Netherlands[34], Norway[35][1], Poland[36][37], Russia[38], Slovakia[39][40], Sweden[1][41], Switzerland[42].

Images

Figure 1. Trichosiopsis trochanterata male, habitus, scale 1 mm
Figure 1. Trichosiopsis trochanterata male, habitus, scale 1 mm 
Figure 2. Trichosiopsis trochanterata male, hypopygium, scale 0.1 mm
Figure 2. Trichosiopsis trochanterata male, hypopygium, scale 0.1 mm 
Figure 3. Trichosiopsis trochanterata male, gonostylus (ventral view), scale 0.1 mm
Figure 3. Trichosiopsis trochanterata male, gonostylus (ventral view), scale 0.1 mm 
Figure 4. Trichosiopsis trochanterata male, gonostylus (dorsal view), scale 0.1 mm
Figure 4. Trichosiopsis trochanterata male, gonostylus (dorsal view), scale 0.1 mm 
Figure 5. Trichosiopsis trochanterata male, aedeagal complex, scale 0.1 mm
Figure 5. Trichosiopsis trochanterata male, aedeagal complex, scale 0.1 mm 
Figure 6. Trichosiopsis trochanterata male, base of gonocoxites, scale 0.1 mm
Figure 6. Trichosiopsis trochanterata male, base of gonocoxites, scale 0.1 mm 
Figure 7. Trichosiopsis trochanterata male, 4th antennal flagellar segment, scale 0.1 mm
Figure 7. Trichosiopsis trochanterata male, 4th antennal flagellar segment, scale 0.1 mm 
Figure 8. Trichosiopsis trochanterata male, wing, scale 1 mm
Figure 8. Trichosiopsis trochanterata male, wing, scale 1 mm 

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Zetterstedt, J.W. 1851: Diptera scandinaviae disposita et descripta (10). ex officina Lundbergiana, Lundae. pp. 3711–4090. BHL
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Mohrig, W.; Menzel, F. 1997: Revision der paläarktischen Arten von Trichosia Winnertz sensu Tuomikoski, 1960 (Diptera, Sciaridae). – Teil II. Gattungen Leptosciarella Tuomikoski, 1960 und Trichodapus gen. nov. Studia dipterologica, 4(1), 41–98.
  3. ↑ Winnertz, J. 1867: Beitrag zu einer Monographie der Sciarinen. W. Braunmüller, Wien. BHL
  4. ↑ Shin, S.; Jung, S.; Menzel, F.; Heller, K. et. al. 2013: Molecular phylogeny of Black Fungus Gnats (Diptera: Sciaroidea: Sciaridae) and the evolution of larval habitats. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 66(3), 833–846. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.11.008.
  5. ↑ Shin, S. 2013, February: Systematic study of Sciaridae (Diptera: Sciaroidea) in the Korean Penisula, with discussion of Larval habitats evolution. Dissertation, Seoul National University, Seoul.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lengersdorf, F. 1926: Die Sciariden des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Schluß. Konowia, 5(3), 247-255. PDF
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Menzel, F.; Mohrig, W. 1993: Beiträge zur Taxonomie und Faunistik der paläarktischen Trauermücken (Diptera, Sciaridae). Teil III. - Die Sciaridae des Zoologischen Instituts der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg und des Staatlichen Museums für Tierkunde Dresden. Beiträge zur Entomologie, 43, 53-62.
  8. ↑ Dimitrova, B.; Mohrig, W. 1993: Beitrag zur Trauermückenfauna Bulgariens (Diptera, Sciaridae). II. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, 46, 89–96.
  9. ↑ Menzel, F.; Mohrig, W.; Barták, J. 2000: Sciaridae. In: J. Vanhara & M. Barták (Eds.), Diptera in an industrially affected region (North-Western Bohemia, Bilina and Duchcov Environs), I, Folia Facultatis Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Masarykianae Brunensis (104). pp. 73-81.
  10. ↑ Rudzinski, H.-G. 1994: Trauermückenfunde aus Nord-Mähren (Diptera: Sciaridae). Entomological Problems, 25, 11-23.
  11. ↑ Tuomikoski, R. 1960: Zur Kenntnis der Sciariden (Dipt.) Finnlands. Annales Zoologici Societatis Zoologicae Botanicae Fennicae “Vanamo”, 21, 1–164.
  12. ↑ Frey, R. 1948: Entwurf einer neuen Klassifikation der Mückenfamilie Sciaridae (Lycoriidae). II. Die nordeuropäischen Arten. Notulae Entomologicae, 27(2-4), 33-112.
  13. ↑ Vilkamaa, P.; Salmela, J.; Hippa, H. 2007: Black fungus-gnats in deciduous forest habitat in northern Europe, with the description of Bradysia arcula sp. n. (Diptera: Sciaridae). Entomologica Fennica, 18(4), 226-231.
  14. ↑ Frank, J.; Menzel, F.; Dettner, K. 2005: Black Fungus Gnats (Diptera: Sciaridae) collected at cantharidin baits in southern and central Europe. Studia dipterologica, 11, 359-368.
  15. ↑ Menzel, F.; Mohrig, W.; Groth, I. 1990: Beiträge zur Insektenfauna der DDR: Diptera - Sciaridae. Beiträge zur Entomologie, 40, 301-400.
  16. ↑ Menzel, F.; Mohrig, W. 1991: Beiträge zur Faunistik und Ökologie des Naturschutzgebietes “Apfelstädter Ried”, Kreis Erfurt-Land. Teil VI - Diptera: Sciaridae. Veröffentlichungen des Naturkundemuseums Erfurt, 10, 27-45.
  17. ↑ Rudzinski, H.-G. 1992: Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Trauermückenfauna Nordwestdeutschlands (Diptera, Nematocera: Sciaridae). Drosera, 35-45.
  18. ↑ Rudzinski, H.-G. 1993: Mücken und Fliegen aus dem Schluifelder Moos, Ober-Bayern: Zweite Liste (Diptera Nematocera: Sciaridae). Entomofauna, 14(16), 281–304.
  19. ↑ Hövemeyer, K. 1996: Die Dipterengemeinschaft eines Halbtrockenrasens und einer Hecke im südniedersächsischen Bergland: eine vergleichende Untersuchung. Drosera, 1996(2), 113–127.
  20. ↑ Heller, K. 1998: Beiträge zur Sciaridenfauna Schleswig-Holsteins (Diptera). Teil 1. Das Trentmoor bei Plön. Dipteron, 1(3), 45-56.
  21. ↑ Heller, K. 1999: Trauermücken (Diptera: Sciaridae) von Gönnersdorf (Kr. Daun). Beiträge zur Insektenfauna der Eifeldorfer 20. Dendrocopos, 26, 249-262.
  22. ↑ Eckert, R.; Mohrig, W.; Kallweit, U. 1999: Ein Beitrag zur Mückenfauna (Trauer- und Pilzmücken) der Höhlen deutscher Mittelgebirge (Harz, Kyffhäuser, Thüringer Wald, Zittauer Gebirge). Mitteilungen des Verbandes der deutschen Höhlen- und Karstforscher e. V. München, 45(2), 66-70.
  23. ↑ Hennicke, S.; Martschei, T.; Müller-Motzfeld, G. 1997: Erste Ergebnisse der Erfassung ausgewählter Arthropodengruppen der Stadt Greifswald (Araneae, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Saltatoria). Insecta, 5, 51-100.
  24. ↑ Heller, K. 2002: Beiträge zur Sciaridenfauna Schleswig-Holsteins (Diptera, Sciaridae). Teil III. Die Sciariden des Projektgebietes “Integrierter Landbau Rade.” Dipteron, 4, 109-124.
  25. ↑ Menzel, F.; Heller, K.; Smith, J.E. 2002: Neue Trauermücken-Nachweise (Diptera: Sciaridae) aus dem Harz nebst der Beschreibung einer neuen Bradysia-Art. Studia dipterologica, 9, 179-189.
  26. ↑ Menzel, F. 2006: 6.1.3.7 Familie Trauermücken (Sciaridae). In: Nationalparkverwaltung Berchtesgaden (Ed.), Quellen im Nationalpark Berchtesgaden. Lebensgemeinschaften als Indikatoren des Klimawandels, Nationalpark Berchtesgaden, Forschungsbericht (51). Berchtesgaden. pp. 204-208.
  27. ↑ Menzel, F.; Heller, K. 2006: Trauermücken (Diptera: Sciaridae) aus dem Nationalpark „Hainich“ (Thüringen) nebst der Beschreibung von Scatopsciara andrei Menzel spec. nov. Studia dipterologica, 13(1), 45–59.
  28. ↑ Rudzinski, H.-G. 2003: Die Trauermücken (Insecta: Diptera: Sciaridae) des Naturschutzgebietes Bommecketal in Plettenberg (Sauerland). Der Sauerländische Naturbeobachter, 28, 190-197.
  29. ↑ Rudzinski, H.-G. 2006: Neue Trauermücken-Arten aus Bayern und eine erweiterte Bestandsaufnahme der aus Bayern bekannten Arten (Diptera: Sciaridae). Entomofauna, 27, 433-447.
  30. ↑ Freeman, P. 1983: Sciarid flies. Diptera, Sciaridae. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects. Vol 9 (6). Royal Entomological Society of London, London.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Menzel, F.; Smith, J.E.; Chandler, P. 2006: The sciarid fauna of the British Isles (Diptera: Sciaridae), including descriptions of six new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 146, 1-147.
  32. ↑ Röschmann, F.; Mohrig, W. 1993: Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Trauermücken der Alpenländer. Teil II: erste Sciaridenfunde aus den Italienischen Meeralpen (Alpes Maritimus). (Diptera, Sciaridae). Berichte des Naturwissenschaftlich-Medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck, 80, 389-402.
  33. ↑ Rulik, B.; Mohrig, W.; Jaschhof, M. 2001: Trauermücken (Diptera: Sciaridae) und freilebende Gallmücken (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Lestremiinae) aus Ungarn. Mit Bemerkungen zur Corynoptera tridentata-Gruppe. Folia Entomologica Hungarica, 62, 231-245.
  34. ↑ Mohrig, W. 1996: Sciaridae (Rowmuggen). In: J. W. A. van Zuijlen, T. M. J. Peeters, P. S. van Wielink, A. P. W. van Eck, et al. (Eds.), Brand-Stof. Een inventarisatie van der entomofauna van het Natuurreservaat “De Brand” in 1990. Insektenwerkgroep KNNV-afdeling, Tilburg. pp. 97–98.
  35. ↑ Lengersdorf, F. 1926: Die Sciariden des Tromsø Museum. Tromsø Museums Årshefter, 48(4 (1925)), 1-9.
  36. ↑ Winnertz, J. 1868: Acht neue Arten der Gattung Sciara. Verhandlungen der kaiserlich-königlichen zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 18, 533-540. BHL
  37. ↑ Lengersdorf, F. 1929: Die Revision der Sciaridensammlung des Pfarrers Dr. W. Grzegorzek. Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Zoology, 1929, 105-112.
  38. ↑ Lengersdorf, F. 1929: Die Sciariden (Trauermücken) des Zehlaubruches. Schriften der physikalisch-ökonomischen Gesellschaft zu Königsberg, 66(2), 313-319.
  39. ↑ Rudzinski, H.-G. 2009: Die Trauermücken des Poľana Biosphären-Reservats (Diptera: Sciaridae). Casopis Slezskeho zemskeho muzea, serie A, 58, 39-46.
  40. ↑ Rudzinski, H.-G.; Ševčík, J. 2012: Fungus gnats (Diptera: Sciaroidea) of the Gemer region (Central Slovakia): Part 3 – Sciaridae. Časopis Slezského zemského muzea, 61, 143–157.
  41. ↑ Heller, K.; Vilkamaa, P.; Hippa, H. 2009: An annotated check list of Swedish black fungus gnats (Diptera, Sciaridae). Sahlbergia, 15(1), 23-51.
  42. ↑ Schiegg, K.; Obrist, M.; Duelli, P.; Merz, B. et al. 1999: Diptera and Coleoptera collected in the Forest Reserve Sihlwald ZH. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 72, 289-302.
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