Quadriops
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Ordo: Coleoptera
Familia: Hydrophilidae
Name
Quadriops Hansen, 1999 – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile
- Quadriops Hansen, 1999a: 131.
Gender
Masculine.
Type species
Quadriops depressus Hansen, 1999a: 136; by original designation.
Diagnosis
Small to very small beetles, body length 1.6–2.6 mm. Body shape oval in dorsal view; moderate to strongly convex in lateral view, dorsal outline evenly convex or nearly straight along median region (Fig. 48). Color orange brown to dark brown, uniform along body regions; ground punctation shallow to moderately marked (Fig. 48). Shape of head somewhat rectangular. Frons lateral and posteriorly expanded, forming canthus completely dividing eyes in dorsal and ventral portions (Fig. 11C). Eyes very small in dorsal view. Clypeus laterally expanded in front and around outer margin of eyes; anterior margin of clypeus straight (Fig. 11C). Labrum partly exposed. Mentum rather smooth and medially depressed; median anterior depression marked by a transverse carina (Fig. 48C, F). Antennae with nine antennomeres, cupule slightly asymmetric with rounded outline. Maxillary palps rather short and stout, nearly half as long as width of head; maxillary palpomere 4 slightly longer than palpomere 3; inner margin of maxillary palpomere 2 straight to convex, outer margin strongly curved along apical 2/3. Elytra without sutural striae, with punctures either irregularly distributed or forming well defined longitudinal rows; elytra narrowly explanate anteriorly, explanation gradually broader towards apex (Fig. 48). Surface of prosternum flat. Posterior elevation of mesoventrite, usually with well-defined transverse ridge, seldom with acute tooth; anapleural sutures concave, separated at anterior margin by distance nearly 0.7 × width of anterior margin of mesepisternum. Metaventrite usually uniformly densely pubescent, sometimes with reduced posteromedian glabrous patch. Protibiae with spines of anterior row hair-like, semi erect, relatively long, and thick; apical spurs of protibia moderately stout, reaching apex of protarsomere 3. All tarsomeres with thick hair-like spines on ventral face of tarsomeres 2–4; metatarsomeres 1–4 similar in length, 5 nearly as long as 3 and 4 combined. Metafemora with tibial grooves moderately developed; anterior surface of metafemora mostly glabrous, with few very scattered small setae (Fig. 48C, F). Fifth abdominal ventrite apically rounded and without fringe of stout setae. Aedeagus trilobed (Fig. 49A–D), with basal piece about half length of parameres; median lobe wider than base of each paramere, with narrow, triangular, longitudinal sclerite, usually extending along apical third; parameres as long as, to longer than median lobe, and nearly half as wide; gonopore situated preapically; basal piece with lateral margins straight to sinuate, apically slightly diverging.
Differential diagnosis
Quadriops is the only known acidocerine with fully divided eyes. Species with uniformly distributed punctures along the elytra may resemble Globulosis, but the moderate punctation of Quadriops is very evident (punctation only shallowly marked in Globulosis; Fig. 32). Some species of Tobochares have nearly divided eyes, and lack impressed striae along the elytra (emarginatus species group, Girón and Short 2021a[1]), resembling species of Quadriops with uniformly distributed punctures along the elytra, but they differ in the shape of the posterior elevation of the mesoventrite (sharply elevated as a tooth or a blunt transverse carina in Quadriops, medially bulging in T. canthus Kohlenberg & Short).
Distribution
Neotropical: Brazil (Amazonas), Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela; Fig. 6.
Natural history
Specimens have been caught using flight intercept traps, many long series have been collected on decaying Clusia fruits, which can be somewhat used as bait (Fig. 10). Additional specimens have been collected in rotten logs, sap flows on freshly cut trees, and in the refuse piles of leafcutter ants (Girón and Short 2017[2]).
Larvae
The immature stages of Quadriops remain unknown.
Taxonomic history
Hansen (1999a)[3] described the genus with five species, differentiated mostly by the presence and degree of impression of reticulation on the head and clypeus. When he originally described it, Hansen (1999a)[3] was unsure of the taxonomic affinity of the genus, as the morphology of the lineage was somewhat unusual. He placed it in the Acidocerina (now Acidocerinae) almost by default as it shared no characters in common with other lineages, but ultimately, he was correct as this placement as verified by Short et al. (2021)[4]. García (2000b)[5] described an additional species from Venezuela. The genus was revised by Girón and Short (2017)[2]: two species were synonymized with Quadriops depressus Hansen; two new species were described.
Remarks
Quadriops is the only fully terrestrial genus of Acidocerinae. There are six described species within the genus.
Species examined
Quadriops acroreius Girón & Short (holotype and paratype), Q. clusia Girón & Short (holotype, paratypes and additional specimens), Q. dentatus Hansen (holotype and additional specimens), Q. depressus Hansen (holotype and additional specimens), Q. reticulatus Hansen (holotype and additional specimens), Q. similaris Hansen (holotype and additional specimens).
Selected references
Hansen 1999a[3]: original description; García 2000b[5]: description of one additional species from Venezuela; Girón and Short 2017[2]: generic revision including two synonymies and two new species; Short et al. 2021[4]: phylogenetic placement.
Taxon Treatment
- Girón, J; Short, A; 2021: The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species ZooKeys, 1045: 1-236. doi
Images
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![Figure 2. Phylogeny of the Acidocerinae simplified from Short et al. (2021)[4], indicating the distribution, preferred habitat, and currently described number of species for each genus. For habitat, filled black circles indicate that at least some species of the genus are commonly found in this habitat; light grey circles indicate the genus has been found in this habitat, but is rare or not typical for the group; white circles indicate no species have been recorded for the genus in this habitat.](/wiki/File:Zookeys-1045-001-g002.jpg)
Other References
- ↑ Girón J, Short A (2021a) New subgenera, new species and new records of the Neotropical water scavenger beetle genus Tobochares Short & García, 2007 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Acidocerinae).ZooKeys1019: 93–140. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1019.59881
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Girón J, Short A (2017) Revision of the Neotropical water scavenger beetle genus Quadriops Hansen, 1999 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Acidocerinae).ZooKeys705: 115–141. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.705.19815
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Hansen M (1999a) Fifteen new genera of Hydrophilidae (Coleoptera), with remarks on the generic classification of the family.Insect Systematics and Evolution30(2): 121–172. https://doi.org/10.1163/187631200X00228
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Short A, Girón J, Toussaint E (2021) Evolution and biogeography of acidocerine water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) shaped by Gondwanan vicariance and Cenozoic isolation of South America.Systematic Entomology46(2): 380–395. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12467
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 García M (2000b) Una nueva especie de Quadriops Hansen, 1999 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Hydrophilinae) de Venezuela.Boletín del Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas34(1): 59–65. http://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/boletin/article/view/219
