Testudacarinae

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O’Neill J, Fisher J, Nelson W, Skvarla M, Fisher D, Dowling A (2016) Systematics of testudacarine torrent mites (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Torrenticolidae) with descriptions of 13 new species from North America. ZooKeys (582) : 13–110, doi. Versioned wiki page: 2016-04-21, version 96421, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Testudacarinae&oldid=96421 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.

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@article{O’Neill2016ZooKeys,
author = {O’Neill, Joseph C. AND Fisher, J. Ray AND Nelson, Whitney A. AND Skvarla, Micheal J. AND Fisher, Danielle M. AND Dowling, Ashley P. G.},
journal = {ZooKeys},
publisher = {Pensoft Publishers},
title = {Systematics of testudacarine torrent mites (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Torrenticolidae) with descriptions of 13 new species from North America},
year = {2016},
volume = {},
issue = {582},
pages = {13--110},
doi = {10.3897/zookeys.582.7684},
url = {http://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=7684},
note = {Versioned wiki page: 2016-04-21, version 96421, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Testudacarinae&oldid=96421 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.}

}

RIS/ Endnote:

TY - JOUR
T1 - Systematics of testudacarine torrent mites (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Torrenticolidae) with descriptions of 13 new species from North America
A1 - O’Neill J
A1 - Fisher J
A1 - Nelson W
A1 - Skvarla M
A1 - Fisher D
A1 - Dowling A
Y1 - 2016
JF - ZooKeys
JA -
VL -
IS - 582
UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.582.7684
SP - 13
EP - 110
PB - Pensoft Publishers
M1 - Versioned wiki page: 2016-04-21, version 96421, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Testudacarinae&oldid=96421 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.

M3 - doi:10.3897/zookeys.582.7684

Wikipedia/ Citizendium:

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| author = O’Neill J, Fisher J, Nelson W, Skvarla M, Fisher D, Dowling A
| title = Systematics of testudacarine torrent mites (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Torrenticolidae) with descriptions of 13 new species from North America
| journal = ZooKeys
| year = 2016
| volume =
| issue = 582
| pages = 13--110
| pmid =
| publisher = Pensoft Publishers
| doi = 10.3897/zookeys.582.7684
| url = http://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=7684
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}} Versioned wiki page: 2016-04-21, version 96421, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Testudacarinae&oldid=96421 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.</ref>

See also the citation download page at the journal.


Taxonavigation

Ordo: Trombidiformes
Familia: Torrenticolidae

Name

Cook, 1974 – Wikispecies link – ZooBank link – Pensoft Profile

  • TestudacarinaeCook 1974[1]: 145–146; Imamura 1976[2]: 279; Fuste 1980[3]: H7; Viets 1987[4]: 222, 724; Bader 1988[5]: 90; Smith and Cook 1991[6]: 529, 552, 564–565, 574, 582; Cramer 1992[7]: 13–14; Wiles 1997a[8]: 192, 194, 199–200, 205, 209; Harvey 1998[9]: 67; Smith and Cook 1999[10]: 115; Smith et al. 2001[11]: 579, 592, 608, 625, 645; Guo and Jin 2005[12]: 70; Abé 2005[13]: 120; Abé 2006[14]: 6; Davids et al. 2007[15]: 243; Goldschmidt 2007[16]: 444; Boyaci and Özkan 2008[17]: 364; Walter et al. 2009[18]: 264; Zhang and Guo 2010[19]: 117–118; Jin et al. 2010[20]: 111; Smith et al. 2010[21]: 492, 522, 535, 550, 566; Guo and Zhang 2011[22]: 46, 48–49; Esen and Erman 2014[23]: 39; Proctor et al. 2015[24]: 622; Fisher et al. 2015[25]: 83–84.

Subfamilial diagnosis

For larval diagnosis see Smith (1982)[26]. Adults differ from torrenticolines in having three pairs of acetabula (six in Torrenticolinae); condyles present over the insertions of leg-IV; long posterio-dorsal subcapitular apodemes (also long in Monatractides); a ridge extending anteriorly from the leg-IV socket; and a ring of platelets closely affiliated with the central dorsal plate, i.e., not hidden within a dorsal furrow as in torrenticolines (Fig. 1). They are further characterized by having a single anterio-medial dorsal platelet and pedipalps without ventral projections, although some torrenticolines also have these characters. Testudacarinae can be further diagnosed by the following combination of characters. Medial dorsal plate exhibiting secondary and occasionally tertiary sclerotization. Dorsal platelets variable in size, shape, and coloration. Anterio-medial platelet smaller than anterio-lateral platelets and trapeziform (rounded to rectangular). Anterio-lateral platelets long with anterior bulge and posterior tapering. Seven pairs of lateral platelets present. Lateral-platelet-2, -4, and -6 large and elongate and -1, -3, -5, and -7 smaller and rounded. Lateral-platelet-3 highly variable and positioned either anterior or lateral to lateral-platelet-4. Lateral-platelet-4 highly variable in shape mostly depending on lateral-platelet-3 position. Dorso-glandularia-2 and post-ocularial setae located together on anterio-lateral platelet. Dorso-glandularia-3, -5, and -6 located on lateral-platelet-1, -5, and -7 respectively. Dorso-glandularia-4 located on the large medial dorsal plate. Latero-glandularia-4 located on lateral-platelet-3. Ventro-glandularia-3 posterior to coxae-IV (on coxae-IV in other torrenticolids). Coxo-glandularia-4 located at tip of coxae-I (as in Monatractides and many Torrenticola). Pedipalp, femur, and genu with plumose setae ventrally. Also similar to Monatractides, posterio-dorsal subcapitular apodemes are long. Rostrum short.

Distribution

Testudacarines have been reported on many occasions outside of their original descriptions. Furthermore, the Canadian National Collection in Ottawa, Canada includes thousands of testudacarines collected from across most of North America (Smith et al. 2010[21]). In Asia there have only been a handful of additional reports (Walter 1929[27], Pešić and Smit 2007[28], Jin et al. 2010[20], Morimoto 2012[29]). This is not completely due to a lack of torrenticolid work in Asia, for an extensive list see Walter et al. (2009[18], pg. 256) and Fisher et al. (2015)[25]. Extensive work has also been done on water mites in Europe, Africa, and Australia without any reports of testudacarines. Therefore, testudacarines are currently thought to be widely distributed throughout most of North America (with southern limits in Mexico and northern limits around the 60th parallel), and sparsely distributed in parts of Asia.

Remarks

The three pairs of acetabula, coxae-IV condyles, and “generalized” pedipalps are plesiomorhphic states that clearly show testudacarines as retaining ancestral torrenticolid characteristics (Wiles 1997a[8]). Wiles (1997a)[8] and other authors suggest latero-glandularia-3 is present on the dorsum of testudacarines. However, we suggest that this is latero-glandularia-4 due to its posterior-most positioning. We also detail sexually dimorphic characters (Fig. 7). Although Habeeb (1954)[30] first noted differences between the sexes of Testudacarus vulgaris, he did not present these distinctions in their wider context as overall conditions of Testudacarinae. Sexual dimorphism present in Testudacarinae include: 1) female dorso-glandularia-4 positioned closer to the muscle scars; 2) dorsal secondary sclerotization always present in females and usually absent in males (very small if present in males); 3) female coxae-II+III midline short; 4) genital field almost entirely enveloped by coxal field in females but only around half of male genital field within coxal field; 5) females idiosoma larger and rounder (males around 80% of female size) with less of the ventral shield composed of coxal field; and 6) excretory pore well separated from ventral line of secondary sclerotization in females, and is either in direct contact with or nearly so in males.

Taxon Treatment

  • O’Neill, J; Fisher, J; Nelson, W; Skvarla, M; Fisher, D; Dowling, A; 2016: Systematics of testudacarine torrent mites (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Torrenticolidae) with descriptions of 13 new species from North America ZooKeys, (582): 13-110. doi

Images

Figure 1. Testudacarine male dorsum (generalized): (Left) – anterio-medial platelet (amp); anterio-lateral platelet (alp); dorsal plate (dp); lateral platelets (lp); (Right) – dorso-glandularia (dg); post-ocularial setae (pos); dorsal membrane (dm); lyriffisures (l); muscle scars (ms); latero-glandularia (lg).
Figure 1. Testudacarine male dorsum (generalized): (Left) – anterio-medial platelet (amp); anterio-lateral platelet (alp); dorsal plate (dp); lateral platelets (lp); (Right) – dorso-glandularia (dg); post-ocularial setae (pos); dorsal membrane (dm); lyriffisures (l); muscle scars (ms); latero-glandularia (lg). 
Figure 7. Testudacarine sexual dimorphism: female dorsal shield (A) and ventral shield (C) differing from male (B, D) by the following characters: 1) dorso-glandularia-4 positioned far closer to muscle scares; 2) area of secondary sclerotization always present (males rarely present; very small if present); 3) with shorter coxae-II+III midline; 4) genital field enveloped by coxal field; 5) larger and rounder body (males around 80% of female size); 6) excretory pore well separated from ventral line of secondary sclerotization.
Figure 7. Testudacarine sexual dimorphism: female dorsal shield (A) and ventral shield (C) differing from male (B, D) by the following characters: 1) dorso-glandularia-4 positioned far closer to muscle scares; 2) area of secondary sclerotization always present (males rarely present; very small if present); 3) with shorter coxae-II+III midline; 4) genital field enveloped by coxal field; 5) larger and rounder body (males around 80% of female size); 6) excretory pore well separated from ventral line of secondary sclerotization. 

Other References

  1. ↑ Cook D (1974) Water mite genera and subgenera. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 21: 1–841.
  2. ↑ Imamura T (1976) Two new species of water-mites from Nikko National Park, Japan. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses 49: 279–284.
  3. ↑ Fuste L (1980) Effects of the Mount St. Helens eruption on the benthic fauna of the Toutle River, Muddy River, and Pine Creek Drainage Basins, Washington. Geological Survey Circular 850-H, 19 pp.
  4. ↑ Viets K (1987) Die milben des Süßwassers (Hydrachnellae und Halacaridae [part.], Acari). 2: Katalog. Sonderbände des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg 8: 1–1012. [In German]
  5. ↑ Bader C (1988) Die Torrenticolidae (Acari, Hydrachnaellae). Eine abklärende studie über eine schwierige Wassermilben-Familie. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 95: 87–98. doi: 10.5962/bhl.part.79640
  6. ↑ Smith I, Cook D (1991) Water mites (Hydrachnidiae) and other arachnids. In: Thorp J Covich A (Eds) Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates. Academic Press, San Diego, 523–592.
  7. ↑ Cramer C (1992) Estudios sobre hidracáridos Mexicanos, familia Torrenticolidae. I. Cinco especies nuevas de Neoatractides y Torrenticola y primer registro de Testudacarus para México. Anales Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacionale Autónoma de México, Seria Zoologia 63: 13–27. [In Spanish]
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Wiles P (1997a) Asian and Oriental Torrenticolidae Piersig, 1902 (Acari: Hydrachnidia: Lebertioidea): a revision of the family and descriptions of ne species of Torrenticola Piersig and Pseudotorrenticola Walter, from Southeast Asia. Journal of Natural History 31: 191–236. doi: 10.1080/00222939700770121
  9. ↑ Harvey M (1998) The Australian Water Mites: A Guide to Families and Genera. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, 150 pp.
  10. ↑ Smith I, Cook D (1999) An assessment of global distribution patterns in water mites (Acari: Hydrachnida). In: Needham G Mitchell R Horn D Welbourn W (Eds) Acarology IX (Vol. 2. Symposia). Ohio Biological Survey, Columbus, 109–124.
  11. ↑ Smith I, Smith B, Cook D (2001) Water mites (Hydrachnida) and other arachnids. In: Covich J Thorp A (Eds) Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates. Academic Press, San Diego, 551–659. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012690647950017X [April 10, 2015]
  12. ↑ Guo J, Jin D (2005) Description of a new species Testudacarus in the subfamily Testudacarinae newly recorded from China (Acari, Lebertioidea, Torrenticolidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 30: 70–72.
  13. ↑ Abé H (2005) Annotated checklist of Japanese water mites (Acari: Prostigmata: Hydracarina). Acta Arachnologica 54: 111–145. doi: 10.2476/asjaa.54.111
  14. ↑ Abé H (2006) A catalogue of Japanese water mites (Acari: Prostigmata: Hydracarina). The Acarological Society of Japan 15: 1–16. doi: 10.2300/acari.15.1 [In Japanese]
  15. ↑ Davids C, di Sabatino A, Gerecke R, Gledhill T, Van der Hammen H, Smit H (2007) Acari: Hydrachnidia. In: Gerecke R (Ed.) Chelicerata: Araraneae, Acari I. Süßwasserfauna von Mitteleuropa, vol. 7/2–1. Elsevier Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, München, Germany, 241–376.
  16. ↑ Goldschmidt T (2007) Studies on Latin American water mites of the genus Torrenticola Piersig, 1896 (Torrenticolidae, Hydrachnidia, Acari). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150: 443–678. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00305.x
  17. ↑ Boyaci Y, Özkan M (2008) The species of the genus Monatractides Viets, 1926 (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Torrenticolidae) in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology 32: 363–366.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Walter D, Lindquist E, Smith I, Cook D, Krantz G (2009) Order Trombidiformes. In: Krantz G Walter D (Eds) A Manual of Acarology. Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock, 233–420.
  19. ↑ Zhang P, Guo J (2010) Research progress on phylogeny of Torrenticolidae (Acari, Lebertioidea). Guizhou Agricultural Sciences 38: 116–118, 122.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Jin D, Yi T, Guo J (2010) A review of progress in taxonomy of water mites from China (Acari: Hydrachnidia). In: Zhang Z Hong X Fan Q (Eds) Xin J-L, Centenary: Progress in Chinese Acarology. Zoosymposia 4: 106–119.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Smith I, Cook D, Smith B (2010) Water mites (Hydrachnidiae) and other arachnids. In: Thorp J Covich A (Eds) Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates. Academic Press, San Diego, 485–586. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-374855-3.00015-7
  22. ↑ Guo J, Zhang P (2011) Cladistics and phylogeny of genus (subgenus) relationships within Torrenticolidae. Journal of Southwest University (Natural Science Edition) 33: 46–49. [In Chinese]
  23. ↑ Esen Y, Erman O (2014) Kahramanmaraş İli Monatractides K. Viets, 1926 ve Torrenticola Piersig, 1896 (Acari: Hydrachnidia: Torrenticolidae) Türleri ve Türkiye faunası için İki yeni kayıt. Firat University Journal of Science 26: 49–44. [In Turkish]
  24. ↑ Proctor H, Smith I, Cook D, Smith B (2015) Subphylum Chelicerata, Class Arachnida. In: Thorp J Rogers D (Eds) Thorp and Covich’s Freshwater Invertebrates: Ecology and General Biology. Academic Press, London, 599–660. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385026-3.00025-5
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Fisher J, Fisher D, Nelson W, O’Neill J, Skvarla M, Radwell A, Ochoa R, Bauchan G, Dowling A (2015) An integrative description of Torrenticola trimaculata sp. nov. (Parasitengona: Torrenticolidae), a three-spotted, riffle- dwelling mite from eastern North America: morphology, phylogenetics, and taxonomic history of the genus. Acarologia 55: 71–116. doi: 10.1051/acarologia/20152155
  26. ↑ Smith I (1982) Larvae of water mites of the genera of the superfamily Lebertioidea (Prostigmata: Parasitengona) in North America with comments on phylogeny and higher classification of the superfamily. Canadian Entomologist 114: 901–990. doi: 10.4039/Ent114901-10
  27. ↑ Walter C (1929) Hydracarinen aus Java. Treubia 11: 211–273.
  28. ↑ Pešić V, Smit H (2007) First records of water mites (Acari: Hydrachnidia) from Bhutan, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 1613: 45–56.
  29. ↑ Morimoto S (2012) Jewelry in the water. Symbiosis 7: 85–87. [In Japanese]
  30. ↑ Habeeb H (1954) North American Hydrachnellae, Acari – IX-XVI. Leaflets of Acadian Biology 2: 1–14.
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