Carasobarbus apoensis

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Taxonavigation

Ordo: Cypriniformes
Familia: Cyprinidae
Genus: Carasobarbus

Name

Carasobarbus apoensis (Banister & Clarke, 1977) – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile

• Barbus apoensis Banister and Clarke 1977: 113.

Material

Type material. Holotype of Barbus apoensis: BMNH 1976.4.7:166, Saudi Arabia, permanent stream near Khamīs Mushayt (18°17'N, 42°34'E), F. Tippler, 12 Dec 1968.
Paratypes of Barbus apoensis: BMNH 1976.4.7:167-171, 5, same data as holotype. - BMNH 1976.4.7:172-175, 4, Saudi Arabia, upper Wādī Turabah near Aţ Ţā’if (22°56'N, 40°54'E), G. Popov. - BMNH 1971.2.11:1-2, 2, Saudi Arabia, intermittent watercourse in Wādī Adamah (19°53'N, 41°57'E), J. P. Mandaville, 27 Oct 1969.
Non-type material. Endorheic darinages. BMNH 1980.7.1:15, 1, Saudi Arabia, Wādī Habayaba between Aţ Ţā’if and Ash Shafā [N21°11’, E 40°24'], A. Farag, 1980. - SMF 30167, 3; SMF 30170, 10 Saudi Arabia, Wādī Būwah (20°45'N, 41°8'E), F. Krupp and W. Schneider, 21 Mar 1990. - SMF 30169, 6; SMF 33147, 4, Saudi Arabia, Wādī Būwah (20°44'N, 41°7'E), F. Krupp and W. Schneider, 21 Mar 1990. - SMF 30168, 6; SMF 30171, 9, Saudi Arabia, Wādī Turabah (20°32'N, 41°17'E), F. Krupp and W. Schneider, 20 Mar 1990.
Streams draining towards the Red Sea. CMNFI 87-0135, 1; CMNFI 87-0137, 4, Saudi Arabia, Wādī Hadīyah (25°34'N, 38°41'E). - SMF 33149, 1, Saudi Arabia, Wādī Ḩaqqaq (22°49'N, 39°22'E), W. Büttiker, 5/6 May 1983. - SMF 33148, 2, Saudi Arabia, Wādī ‘Ilyab (20°5'N, 40°54'E), H. Felemban and J. Gasparetti, 28 Oct 1983. - SMF 33539, 3, Saudi Arabia, Wādī ‘Ilyab (20°7'N, 40°57E), W. Büttiker, 10−11 Nov 1983.
Unknown drainage system. SMF 33146, 4, Saudi Arabia, Al Ḩijāz, W. Büttiker.

Diagnosis

One pair of barbels, usually 10 branched rays in the dorsal fin, 27 to 32 scales in the lateral line, usually 12 scales around the least circumference of the caudal peduncle, last unbranched ray of dorsal fin shorter than head.

Description

The body depth is comparatively low and a nuchal hump is present in adults but not developed in juveniles. The height of the caudal peduncle is relatively low (Table 1). The dorsal and ventral fins are usually positioned behind the middle of the body. The head is elongate with a straight or slightly concave dorsal profile. The ventral profile of the head is slightly convex. (Figs 1, 2). The head length is about equal to the body depth. The mouth is broad and terminal or slightly sub-terminal with one pair of barbels (Fig. 3, Table 2). Only one out of 65 specimens had two pairs of barbels and in one specimen a single anterior barbel was present. The eyes are in the anterior half of the head and slightly protuberant. The morphometric characters are summarised in Table 1.

Table 2. Number of pairs of barbels.

	n	1	1,5	2
Carasobarbus apoensis	65	63	1	1
Carasobarbus canis	89	4	1	84
Carasobarbus chantrei	157	5	6	146
Carasobarbus exulatus	83			83
Carasobarbus fritschii	299	2		297
Carasobarbus harterti	30			30
Carasobarbus kosswigi	23			23
Carasobarbus luteus	421	365	9	47
Naband population	10			10
Carasobarbus sublimus	18			18

The dorsal fin and its base are rather short. It usually has four unbranched and 10 branched rays (Table 3). The last unbranched ray is considerably shorter than the head (Fig. 4), weakly ossified, and its distal part is flexible. The anal fin has three unbranched and six branched rays (Table 4). Pectoral and ventral fins are relatively short (Table 1).

Table 3. Number of branched dorsal-fin rays.

	n	7	8	9	10	11
Carasobarbus apoensis	66			2	63	1
Carasobarbus canis	90			5	85
Carasobarbus chantrei	196			21	164	11
Carasobarbus exulatus	110		8	99	3
Carasobarbus fritschii	297	1	23	268	5
Carasobarbus harterti	30			30
Carasobarbus kosswigi	23			3	20
Carasobarbus luteus	441		1	23	411	6
Naband population	10			1	9
Carasobarbus sublimus	18			2	16

Table 4. Number of branched anal-fin rays.

	n	5	6	7
Carasobarbus apoensis	65		65
Carasobarbus canis	90	2	88
Carasobarbus chantrei	197	3	194
Carasobarbus exulatus	109	3	106
Carasobarbus fritschii	296	3	293
Carasobarbus harterti	30		29	1
Carasobarbus kosswigi	23		23
Carasobarbus luteus	439	3	435	1
Naband population	10		10
Carasobarbus sublimus	18		18

Carasobarbus apoensis has 27 to 32 scales in the lateral line (Table 5), usually 4.5 scales above the lateral line (Table 6), 3.5 or 4.5 scales below the lateral line (Table 7) and 12 scales around the least circumference of the caudal peduncle (Table 8). The scales are shown in Fig. 5.

Table 5. Lateral line scale count.

	n	25	26	27	28	29	30	31	32	33	34	35	36	37	38	39
Carasobarbus apoensis	60			1	9	15	20	14	1
Carasobarbus canis	74					1	3	16	19	12	13	10
Carasobarbus chantrei	168							5	11	31	48	36	29	7	1
Carasobarbus exulatus	79		1	3	17	18	24	13	3
Carasobarbus fritschii	264						1	12	21	39	75	58	36	15	4	3
Carasobarbus harterti	24							1		5	9	4	4		1
Carasobarbus kosswigi	19								1	7	2	3	5		1
Carasobarbus luteus	390	11	52	79	120	84	29	9	5	1
Naband population	8				1	3	3	1
Carasobarbus sublimus	11			4	3	4

Table 6. Number of scales above the lateral line.

	n	3,5	4	4,5	5	5,5	6	6,5	7
Carasobarbus apoensis	60		2	45	7	6
Carasobarbus canis	82			48	11	20	3
Carasobarbus chantrei	171			4	1	147	6	13
Carasobarbus exulatus	79		3	70	5	1
Carasobarbus fritschii	276			15		226		35
Carasobarbus harterti	28					4		24
Carasobarbus kosswigi	21					8	5	7	1
Carasobarbus luteus	389	6	2	315	19	46	1
Naband population	8			8
Carasobarbus sublimus	17			16		1

Table 7. Number of scales below the lateral line.

	n	3	3,5	4	4,5	5	5,5	6	6,5
Carasobarbus apoensis	57		14		41		2
Carasobarbus canis	80		2	3	65	1	9
Carasobarbus chantrei	173			1	84	3	84	1
Carasobarbus exulatus	79		24	1	51	3
Carasobarbus fritschii	286		7	3	151	5	117	1	2
Carasobarbus harterti	29		1		10		18
Carasobarbus kosswigi	23				4	3	15		1
Carasobarbus luteus	384	2	125	16	231	9	1
Naband population	8				8
Carasobarbus sublimus	17		1		13	1	2

Table 8. Number of scales around the least circumference of the caudal peduncle.

	n	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20
Carasobarbus apoensis	60			58	2
Carasobarbus canis	85			80	1	4
Carasobarbus chantrei	168			4	7	110	27	20
Carasobarbus exulatus	87	1	6	80
Carasobarbus fritschii	253					3	12	212	26	23		1
Carasobarbus harterti	28				2	4	3	18	1
Carasobarbus kosswigi	21			1	2	10	3	5
Carasobarbus luteus	408	3	2	399	4
Naband population	9			8	1
Carasobarbus sublimus	17			17

The pharyngeal teeth count is 2.3.5- in 12 specimens, -5.3.2 in two specimens and 1.3.5- in one specimen. The pharyngeal teeth are hooked at their tips (Fig. 6). Live colouration is golden with olive fins. The upper side is darker than the belly (Fig. 2). In ethanol-preserved specimens the upper side is dark, the belly yellow and the fins are grey or yellow (Fig. 1). Juveniles have a dark lateral spot on the caudal peduncle.

The maximum length observed in the material examined is 288 mm SL.
Carasobarbus apoensis differs from all congeners, except Carasobarbus luteus, by having one rather than two pairs of barbels. For a comparison with Carasobarbus luteus populations see below.
Distribution. Carasobarbus apoensis occurs in the Al Ḩijāz mountain range in wadis draining either inland or towards the Red Sea (Fig. 7). It is endemic to Saudi Arabia.

Habitats and biology

This species inhabits the upper courses of wadis, which are characterised by strong seasonal fluctuations in water levels, temperature and other physiochemical parameters.

Conservation status

Carasobarbus apoensis is rated Least Concern and still occurs in large numbers, but abstraction of large specimens by recreational fishing, water abstraction and habitat loss might become problematic for this species (BCEAW 2002).

Remarks and discussion

Carasobarbus apoensis was originally described from Khamīs Mushayt, Wādī Turabah and Wādī Adamah as a member of the genus Barbus (Banister and Clarke 1977). It was later transferred to the genus Carasobarbus (Ekmek-çi and Banarescu 1998). Alkahem and Behnke (1983) reported an unknown Barbus and tentatively considered these specimens to be atypical Carasobarbus apoensis. We did not find any evidence of an undescribed Carasobarbus species that occurs sympatrically with Carasobarbus apoensis, thus we agree with their conclusion.
Carasobarbus apoensis is very closely related to Carasobarbus luteus (KB unpublished data).

Taxon Treatment

• Borkenhagen, K; Krupp, F; 2013: Taxonomic revision of the genus Carasobarbus Karaman, 1971 (Actinopterygii, Cyprinidae) ZooKeys, 339: 1-53. doi

Images

Figure 1. Carasobarbus apoensis, holotype (BMNH 1976.4.7:166) from a permanent stream near Khamīs Mushayt, © The Natural History Museum, London.  Figure 2. Carasobarbus apoensis, live specimen from Wādī Turabah.  Figure 3. Ventral view of the head and chest. A Carasobarbus apoensis (SMF 30167, 108.6 mm SL) B Carasobarbus canis (SMF 33135, 108.3 mm SL) C Carasobarbus chantrei (SMF 33133, 122.9 mm SL) D Carasobarbus exulatus (SMF 33109, 103.7 mm SL) E Carasobarbus fritschii (SMF 33446, 89.6 mm SL) F Carasobarbus harterti (SMF 33368, 93.6 mm SL) G Carasobarbus kosswigi (SMF 30173, 107.1 mm SL) H Carasobarbus luteus (SMF 30176, 120.7 mm SL) I Carasobarbus sublimus (SMF 33118, 80.2 mm SL), pictures resized to facilitate comparison.  Figure 4. Last unbranched dorsal-fin ray length / head length; TES = Tigris-Euphrates system.  Figure 5. Striation pattern of scales taken from anteriour part of the boby above lateral line. A Carasobarbus apoensis B Carasobarbus canis C Carasobarbus chantrei D Carasobarbus exulatus E Carasobarbus fritschii F Carasobarbus harterti G Carasobarbus kosswigi H Carasobarbus luteus I Carasobarbus sublimus.  Figure 6. Pharyngeal bone. A Carasobarbus apoensis (SMF 30168, 190.1 mm SL) B Carasobarbus canis (SMF 30175, 168.7 mm SL) C Carasobarbus chantrei (SMF 33133, 165.9 mm SL) D Carasobarbus exulatus (SMF 33107, 170.1 mm SL) E Carasobarbus fritschii (SMF 33405, 147.2 mm SL) F Carasobarbus harterti (SMF 33396, 105.9 mm SL) G Carasobarbus kosswigi (SMF 30174, 141.5 mm SL) H Carasobarbus luteus (SMF 30179, 143.4 mm SL). Scale bar = 3 mm.  Figure 7. Map of the distribution of Carasobarbus apoensis, Carasobarbus canis, Carasobarbus chantrei, Carasobarbus exulatus, Carasobarbus kosswigi, Carasobarbus luteus, and Carasobarbus sublimus.