Eulonchus tristis
| Notice: | This page is derived from the original publication listed below, whose author(s) should always be credited. Further contributors may edit and improve the content of this page and, consequently, need to be credited as well (see page history). Any assessment of factual correctness requires a careful review of the original article as well as of subsequent contributions.
If you are uncertain whether your planned contribution is correct or not, we suggest that you use the associated discussion page instead of editing the page directly. This page should be cited as follows (rationale):
Citation formats to copy and paste
BibTeX: @article{Borkent2016ZooKeys, RIS/ Endnote: TY - JOUR Wikipedia/ Citizendium: <ref name="Borkent2016ZooKeys">{{Citation See also the citation download page at the journal. |
Ordo: Diptera
Familia: Acroceridae
Genus: Eulonchus
Name
Eulonchus tristis Loew, 1872 – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile
- Eulonchus tristis Loew, 1872: 60.
References
Osten Sacken 1877[1]: 276 (California), 1878[2]: 99 (catalogue); Melander 1902[3]: 181 (California, Idaho, notes); Howard 1902[4]: pl. 18, fig. 23 (habitus); Aldrich 1905[5]: 221 (catalogue); Kertész 1909[6]: 12 (catalogue); Woodworth 1913[7]: 152 (California); Peterson 1916[8]: 181, Figs 284a, 364a, 425a, 425b and 543 (head capsule, mouthparts); Cole 1919[9]: 34, pl. 5, fig. 18 (habitus) (key, notes, Idaho, British Columbia, Oregon, California), 1927: 422, fig. 86 (male genitalia); Cole and Lovett 1921[10]: 239 (Oregon); Essig 1926[11]: 559 (descr. note, Idaho, Oregon, California); Brunetti 1926[12]: 583 (Idaho); Sabrosky 1948[13]: 390 (key ref., notes); Schlinger 1965[14]: 404 (catalogue), 1969[15]: 221, fig. 134 (notes), 1987[16]: 320 (host); Poole 1996[17]: 36 (checklist); Coyle and Icenogle 1994[18] (larval host).
Common name
Dusky Sapphire.
Diagnosis
Proboscis reaching apex of abdomen; ocellar tubercle trifurcate with three ocelli present (median smaller than laterals); legs mostly dark brown (‘knee’ pale), calypter margin dark and membrane white or light yellow.
Redescription
Body length: 7.9–12.8 mm, Wing length: 6.0–11.2 mm. Head. Flagellum dark brown, scape and pedicel brown, male flagellum cylindrical, shorter than head height; clypeus elongate, extending beyond oral cavity, rounded with flat area dorsally, black-brown, surface glossy, glabrous; labial palp brown, length extending anteriorly beyond proboscis at point of attachment; margin of oral cavity (parafacial) pilose admixed with pubescence (faint); proboscis length from middle of abdomen or extending beyond abdomen; ocellar tubercle trifurcate, processes subequal (narrowly digitate), height equal to or shorter than width; median ocellus present, greatly reduced or absent; occiput metallic green-blue, blue or purple, pile densely white or yellow. Thorax. Metallic green, blue or purple, setal pile white or yellow; coxae brown or black with metallic blue sheen; femora dark brown, apicies white; tibiae dark yellow or brown; tarsi dark yellow; calypter margin dark brown or light brown, membrane translucent; haltere entirely dark brown. Abdomen. Metallic olive green, bright green to blue-violet, vestiture white or yellow, dominant setae appressed or erect, pile posteriorly directed, marginal band of dense thicker setae on T3-4, or posteriorly directed, marginal band of laterally directed pile on T2-4. Male genitalia. Epandrium round, with posterior margin almost straight; gonocoxite as tall as wide, with anterior margin almost straight, with large fenestrae; aedeagus heavily sclerotized laterally.
Type material examined
Lectotype male (designated here), MCZ, “S. Francisco/ H. Edw” [white]; “Loew” [white]; “Type/ 3/ 1077” [red and white]; “MCZ-ENT/ 00303280” [white]; “LECTOTYPE ♂/ Eulonchus tristis/ Loew/ Des. C.J. Borkent 2015” [red]; specimen condition: tarsi of right mid leg and left flagellum missing, membrane of both wings slightly damaged on posterior portion. Body length: 9.8 mm, wing length: 9.2 mm. Paralectotype female, MCZ, “S. Francisco/ H. Edw.” [white]; “Loew” [white]; “Type/ 2/ 1077” [red and white]; “MCZ-ENT/ 00303279” [white]; “PARALECTOTYPE ♀/ Eulonchus tristis/ Loew/ Det. C.J. Borkent 2015” [yellow]; specimen condition: very good, tarsi of right hind leg missing. Paralectotype female, MCZ, “S. Francisco/ H. Edw” [white]; “Loew” [white]; “Type/ 4/ 1077” [red and white]; “MCZ-ENT/ 00303281” [white]; “PARALECTOTYPE ♀/ Eulonchus tristis/ Loew/ Det. C.J. Borkent 2015” [yellow]; specimen condition: very good, left mid and hind legs missing. Paralectotype male, MCZ, “Californ/ Edwards” [white]; “Loew” [white]; “Eulonchus/ tristis Lw./ Cant. X” [white]; “Type/ 1077” [red and white]; “MCZ-ENT/ 00001077” [red and white]; “Aug-Dec 2006/ MCZ Image/ Database” [white]; “PARALECTOTYPE ♂/ Eulonchus tristis/ Loew/ Det. C.J. Borkent 2015” [yellow]; specimen condition: very good, flagella missing.
Other material examined
Listed in Table 3 (Suppl. material 1).
Distribution
(Fig. 20). Nearctic: Northern California, Oregon, Washington, Arizona.
Ecology
Pollen loads and diversity from individual Eulonchus tristis visiting flowers of Brodiaea elegans (Themidaceae) and Iris douglasiana (Iridaceae) in California has been studied, showing high levels of constancy to a single species (Borkent and Schlinger 2008b). Eulonchus tristis has been recorded visiting the flowers of 19 different plant families and 38 different species (Table 2).
Biology
Host: Aliatypus sp. (Antrodiaetidae) (Schlinger 1987[16]).
Comments
Eulonchus tristis is most similar to Eulonchus marginatus, with which it shares the ocellar tubercle trifid and the flagellum half as long as the head. Eulonchus tristis can be easily distinguished from Eulonchus marginatus by its femur and tibia with yellow markings and the pile on abdomen yellow.
Taxon Treatment
- Borkent, C; Gillung, J; Winterton, S; 2016: Jewelled spider flies of North America: a revision and phylogeny of Eulonchus Gerstaecker (Diptera, Acroceridae) ZooKeys, (619): 103-146. doi
Images
|
Other References
- ↑ Osten Sacken C (1877) Western Diptera: Descriptions of new genera and species of Diptera from the region west of the Mississippi and especially from California. Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories 3: 189–354. doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.57939
- ↑ Osten Sacken C (1878) Catalogue of the described Diptera of North America. Smithsonian miscellaneous Collections 16, 276 pp.
- ↑ Melander A (1902) Notes on the Acroceridae. Entomological News 13: 178–182.
- ↑ Howard L (1902) The Insect Book. Doubleday, Page & Co., New York, 429 pp.
- ↑ Aldrich J (1905) A catalog of North American Diptera. Smithsonian miscellaneous collections 46, 680 pp.
- ↑ Kertész K (1909) Catalogus Dipterorum hucusque descriptorum. Vol. 4, Oncodidae, Nemestrinidae, Mydaidae, Apioceridae, Asilidae. Museum Nationale Hungaricum, Budapest, 349 pp.
- ↑ Woodworth C (1913) Guide to California insects. The Law Press, Berkeley, 380 pp. doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.49919
- ↑ Peterson A (1916) Head-capsule and mouthparts of Diptera. Illinois Biological Monographs 3: 3–112.
- ↑ Cole F (1919) The dipterous family Cyrtidae in North America. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 45: 1–79
- ↑ Cole F, Lovett A (1921) An annotated list of the Diptera (flies) of Oregon. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 11: 197–344. doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.57901
- ↑ Essig E (1926) Insects of Western North America. Macmillan, New York, 1035 pp.
- ↑ Brunetti E (1926) New and little-known Cyrtidae (Diptera). Journal of Natural History Series 9 18: 561–606. doi: 10.1080/00222932608633552
- ↑ Sabrosky C (1948) A further contribution to the classification of the North American spider parasites of the Acroceratidae (Diptera). The American Midland Naturalist Journal 39: 382–430. doi: 10.2307/2421592
- ↑ Schlinger E (1965) Acroceridae. A Catalog of the Diptera of America North of Mexico, 403–407.
- ↑ Schlinger E (1969) Acroceridae (Cyrtidae). In: Cole F (Ed.) The flies of western North America. Univ. California Press, Berkeley & Los Angeles, 219–224.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Schlinger E (1987) The biology of Acroceridae (Diptera): True endoparasitoids of spiders. In: Nentwig W (Ed.) Ecophysiology of Spiders. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 319–327. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-71552-5_24
- ↑ Poole R (1996) Diptera, Lepidoptera, Siphonaptera. Nomina Insecta Nearctica. A checklist of the insects of North America. Vol. 3. Entomological Information Service, Rockville, 1143 pp.
- ↑ Coyle F, Icenogle W (1994) Natural history of the Californian trapdoor spider genus Aliatypus (Araneae, Antrodiaetidae). Journal of Arachnology 22: 225–255.
