Difference between revisions of "Understanding Creative Commons Non-Commercial"

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| text  = '''Summary in a nutshell:'''  
 
| text  = '''Summary in a nutshell:'''  
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# Although many people think that '''non-profit''' activities are '''non-commercial''', the precise definition '''categorizes non-profit activities as commercial'''.
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# Although many people identify '''non-profit''' activities are '''non-commercial''', the precise definition '''classifies a great part of non-profit activities as commercial'''.
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# If you '''make a living''' by selling your pictures etc., please consider contributing to Species-ID under the [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ CC by '''non-commercial''' share-alike license] (which is '''not an open content license'''). This will protect you, but also strongly limit re-use of your contribution: non-profit-organisations, most scientific societies, Wikipedia, etc. '''will be unable to use your contribution'''.
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# If you '''make a living''' by selling your pictures etc., please consider contributing to Species-ID under [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ CC by-nc-sa] (the Creative Commons attribution '''non-commercial''' share-alike license, which is '''not an open content license'''). This will largely protect your commercial interests. However, it also '''strongly limits re-use of your contribution: non-profit-organisations, most scientific societies, Wikipedia, etc. will be unable to use your contribution'''.
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# If you do '''not make a living''' from your pictures etc., please consider sharing them as '''open content''' by supplying them under the open content licenses '''[http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ CC by]''' or '''[http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ CC by share-alike]''' (equivalent to the GPL used for much Open Source software). Doing so will enable a '''much wider re-use''' of your contribution: non-profit-organisations, most scientific societies, Wikipedia, etc. '''will be able to use your contribution'''. Your choice of license will greatly increase the efficiency of informing people about biodiversity. However, a publisher may use the work in a book that generates a profit. Please consider that this may be in the interest of biodiversity education.
+
# If you do '''not make a living''' from your pictures etc., please consider sharing them as '''open content''' by supplying them under the open content licenses '''[http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ CC by]''' or '''[http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ CC by-sa]''' (the latter is equivalent to the GPL used for much Open Source software). Doing so will enable a '''much wider re-use''' of your contribution: non-profit-organisations, most scientific societies, Wikipedia, etc. '''will be able to use your contribution'''. Your choice of license will greatly increase the efficiency of informing people about biodiversity. However, a publisher may use the work in a book that generates a profit. Please consider that this may be in the interest of biodiversity education.
 
}}
 
}}
  
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* "may not use this work for commercial purposes".
 
* "may not use this work for commercial purposes".
  
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The full text in the license text is:
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The full text in the license text relating to this clause is:
 
: ''You may not exercise any of the rights granted to You in Section 3 above in any manner that is primarily intended for or directed toward commercial advantage or private monetary compensation. The exchange of the Work for other copyrighted works by means of digital file-sharing or otherwise shall not be considered to be intended for or directed toward commercial advantage or private monetary compensation, provided there is no payment of any monetary compensation in connection with the exchange of copyrighted works.'' (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/legalcode)
 
: ''You may not exercise any of the rights granted to You in Section 3 above in any manner that is primarily intended for or directed toward commercial advantage or private monetary compensation. The exchange of the Work for other copyrighted works by means of digital file-sharing or otherwise shall not be considered to be intended for or directed toward commercial advantage or private monetary compensation, provided there is no payment of any monetary compensation in connection with the exchange of copyrighted works.'' (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/legalcode)
  
 
To our knowledge, no further interpretation beyond this legal contract code is provided by Creative Commons.
 
To our knowledge, no further interpretation beyond this legal contract code is provided by Creative Commons.
  
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==What is a commercial activity?==
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===What is a commercial activity?===
  
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The word commercial means referring to commerce, which in turn may be defined as: "1. the activity embracing all forms of the purchase and sale of goods and services" (Collins English Dictionary, 2nd ed.). ("Commercial" may also be a noun for advertisement, but the use in the license is clearly adjectival).
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The word commercial means referring to commerce, which in turn may be defined as: “1. the activity embracing all forms of the purchase and sale of goods and services” (Collins English Dictionary, 2nd ed.). <!--(“Commercial” may also be a noun for “advertisement”, but the use in the license is clearly adjectival).--> The term “commercial” is thus not directly linked to the concept of making profits. A non-profit enterprise, that charges money to support their business (without making profits beyond cost compensation), is a commercial enterprise.
  
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The word commercial is not directly linked to the concept of making profits. A non-profit enterprise, that charges money to support their business without making profits beyond cost compensation, is a commercial enterprise.
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The Creative Commons corporation have published a report on the perceptions of the term “non-commercial” ([http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/17127 Announcement] and [http://mirrors.creativecommons.org/defining-noncommercial/Defining_Noncommercial_fullreport.pdf Full PDF]<ref>Creative Commons 2009. Defining “Noncommercial” – A Study of how the online population understands “Noncommercial Use”. http://mirrors.creativecommons.org/defining-noncommercial/Defining_Noncommercial_fullreport.pdf</ref>) which shows that the perceptions differ and that many people will consider use of a non-commercial-restricted work in the context of advertisement for cost-recovery an acceptable interpretation. However, which interpretation will be accepted in a legal court case, remains open to speculation – courts do not decide according to a majority interpretation – and requires a separate court decision in each jurisdiction.
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<!--
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* Comment by Bob Morris, commented out because of critique below, but both kept for reference: Note that by the contrapositive of the second license sentence, the exchange of copyrighted works is a commercial activity for the purpose of the license if there is "payment of any monetary compensation in connection with the exchange of copyrighted works." It doesn't matter whether the purpose of the exchange is otherwise commercial.  This probably means that the issue would hinge on the interpretation of "compensation in connection with"  for most of your examples. That's a typical kind of issue that lawyers can express an opinion about. Applying logic doesn't always work. For example, it's possibly a matter of statute and case law as to whether the inclusion of an image in materials for whose production it is compensated, even at a profit, is necessarily being compensated "in connection with" the transfer of the exchange of the copyrighted work. [[User:BobMorris|Bob Morris]] 00:33, 21 February 2011 (CET)
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* Comment by WE: "This second license sentence refers exclusively to “the exchange of the work for other copyrighted works”, it does not refer to any other use of the work. For all the other forms of use of copyrighted works, a commercial activity is defined by “commercial advantage '''or''' private monetary compensation”! That’s why I think that the example mentioned by Bob does not fit."
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-->
  
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The Creative Commons corporation have published a report on the perceptions of the term "non-commercial" ([http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/17127 Announcement] and [http://mirrors.creativecommons.org/defining-noncommercial/Defining_Noncommercial_fullreport.pdf Full PDF]<ref>Creative Commons 2009. Defining “Noncommercial” – A Study of how the online population understands “Noncommercial Use”. http://mirrors.creativecommons.org/defining-noncommercial/Defining_Noncommercial_fullreport.pdf</ref>) which shows that the perceptions differ and that many people will consider use of a non-commercial-restricted work in the context of advertisement for cost-recovery an acceptable interpretation. However, which interpretation would be accepted in a legal court case, remains open to speculation - courts do not decide according to a majority interpretation.
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===Monetary compensation and commercial advantages===
  
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*Note that by the contrapositive of the second license sentence, something is a commercial activity for the purpose of the license only if there is "payment of any monetary compensation in connection with the exchange of copyrighted works." It doesn't matter whether the purpose of the exchange is otherwise commercial.  This probably means that the issue would hinge on the interpretation of "compensation in connection with"  for most of your examples. That's a typical kind of issue that lawyers can express an opinion about. Applying logic doesn't always work. For example, it's possibly a matter of statute and case law as to whether the inclusion of an image in materials for whose production it is compensated, even at a profit, is necessarily being compensated "in connection with" the transfer of the exchange of the copyrighted work. [[User:BobMorris|Bob Morris]] 00:33, 21 February 2011 (CET)
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The license distinguishes between (1) a general definition of activities allowed under the license and (2) the special case of “the exchange of the work for other copyrighted works”. In the first case, “non-commercial” is defined by two elements:
 +
* “no private monetary compensation” (= any kind of payment) and
 +
* “no commercial advantage” (= any direct or indirect non-cash-profit, potentially including profits in reputation [e.&nbsp;g. through sponsoring] or savings of expenses [one does not have to buy a copy of the work in the shop...]).
  
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==Monetary compensation==
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The second case of exchanging copyrighted work does allows commercial advantages, focusing only on monetary compensation. The fact that a special case is introduced stresses that (a) absence of “monetary compensation” is a core principle that is upheld in all cases, and (b) that any form of “commercial advantage” is a binding principle for all activities (except exchanging copyrighted works).
  
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The license refers in two cases to the term "monetary compensation". Here, the compensation clearly includes any possible non-profit uses. A cost recovery would always be a compensation, regardless of profits being made. The importance of excluding this highlighted that an exchange of works (file-sharing or similar) is explicitly allowed if no monetary compensation occurs, making monetary compensation the key principle to observe when interpreting the license.
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It is important to realize that a “compensation” includes form of cost recovery or even partial recovery.
  
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On the other hand, the monetary compensation in the first case is used only in combination with "private" use. For non-private use the "commercial advantage" seems to be defining principle. Whether "commercial advantage" could be interpreted as "for-profit" or whether a non-profit organisation may find other "advantages" in their commercial activities as well, remains open to speculation, pending a deciding highest level court case in each country in which the license is being used.
 
  
 
==Re-use of works under a Creative Commons non-commercial license==
 
==Re-use of works under a Creative Commons non-commercial license==
  
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Any private or legal person may use a non-commercially licensed work, depending on the context of the activity. The re-use depends on the context and situation.
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Any private or legal person or organisation may use a non-commercially licensed work, depending on the context of the activity. The re-use depends on the context and goal of an activity, not on the person or organisation.
  
 
=== For profit use ===
 
=== For profit use ===
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Charging money for the work as a means to obtain profit is clearly prohibited.
 
Charging money for the work as a means to obtain profit is clearly prohibited.
  
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=== Cost recovery or subsidizing ===
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=== Total or partial cost recovery ===
  
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Charging money for the work as a means to recover cost is likely to be prohibited. Note that this includes the following situations:
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Charging money for the work as a means to recover cost is clearly prohibited by the choice of ''“compensation”'' rather than ''“profit”'' in the license text. This prevents, for example, the following uses:
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* a work is distributed as an handout on a nature-education walk organised by a non-profit organisation or society
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* a work is distributed as a handout on a nature-education walk organised by a non-profit organisation or society for which a small participation fee of 5  EUR is required
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* a work is used for education in an environment where some cost-recovery or subsidizing monetary compensation occurs (tuition, class fees, etc).
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* a work is used for education in an environment where some cost subsidizing monetary compensation occurs (tuition, class fees, etc.).
  
 
=== Use in Advertisements ===
 
=== Use in Advertisements ===
  
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Distributing the work without direct monetary compensation will generally have indirect effects. The license specifies that certain such indirect effects shall be included in the consideration ("or directed toward").  
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Distributing the work without direct monetary compensation will generally have indirect effects (“commercial advantage”). The license specifies that secondary effects shall be included in the consideration (“or directed toward ...”).  
  
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In a general sense, such use can usually be construed to be an advertisement (including the case of services of a non-profit organisation). Whether indirect effects are considered to be commercial or not, will be difficult to decide. One may consider the use of a non-commercially-licensed work in the following cases:
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In a general sense, many uses can be interpreted as an advertisement (including the case of advertising services of a non-profit organisation). Whether indirect effects are considered to create a commercial advantage or not, will be difficult to decide. Test cases to decide whether a non-commercially-licensed work may be legitimately used might be:
 
* A large for-profit soft-drink producer runs an advertisement campaign "better drinks for a more joyful life".
 
* A large for-profit soft-drink producer runs an advertisement campaign "better drinks for a more joyful life".
 
* A large for-profit beer brewer advertises their products with "50 cent of every purchase buy and preserve a piece of Amazonian rain forest".
 
* A large for-profit beer brewer advertises their products with "50 cent of every purchase buy and preserve a piece of Amazonian rain forest".
−
* A large non-profit nature conservancy organization runs an advertisement campaign to become a paying member of the society
+
* A large non-profit nature conservancy organization runs an advertisement campaign; the immediate goal might be to increase their paying membership base, the ultimate goal to increase their financial and political abilities to serve the cause of nature protection.
  
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In each of the cases a court may decide that the license stipulates non-commercial, not non-profit, and that indirect effects of the advertisement (advertisements being also called known "commercials") lead to commercial advantage of the user, fining the user for violation of the license terms.
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In each of the cases a court may decide that the license stipulates non-commercial, not non-profit, and that indirect effects of the advertisement (advertisements being also called known "commercials") lead to commercial advantage of the user, making the use contrary to the license terms.
  
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Since it will be difficult to any private or legal person, the income of which depends on somehow related activities, to demonstrate that is an activity in not also an advertisement, the non-commercial license puts all non-profit re-use by organisation that receive income through membership or cause-related income under legal threat.
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The income of many private or legal persons depends to some extent on their activities involving the use of copyrighted works. It will be difficult for those to demonstrate that these activity are not akin to advertisements.  
  
 
==The share-alike clause==
 
==The share-alike clause==
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In collective works, with separate and unambiguous  license attribution, such works may be mixed. Achieving the necessary separation comes, however, at a significant management and controlling cost.
 
In collective works, with separate and unambiguous  license attribution, such works may be mixed. Achieving the necessary separation comes, however, at a significant management and controlling cost.
  
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:"Share-alike" may sometimes be hard to interpret as well, especially in terms of derivative works that use another medium than the original (e.&nbsp;g. audio instead of text, or printing separate digital articles into one paper book or brochure). --[[User:Daniel Mietchen|Daniel Mietchen]] 01:55, 21 February 2011 (CET)
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<!-- "Share-alike" may sometimes be hard to interpret as well, especially in terms of derivative works that use another medium than the original (e.&nbsp;g. audio instead of text, or printing separate digital articles into one paper book or brochure). --[[User:Daniel Mietchen|Daniel Mietchen]] 01:55, 21 February 2011 (CET) // Gregor: I agree only in the latter case. Changes of medium do not affect the copyright protection of a work, and the CC licenses derive all restrictions from this. The creation of collections is a problem in the case of share-alike. The CC licenses do grant inclusion in collections of different licensing status, but the level of granularity (whole articles versus audio samples) may be unclear. -->
  
 
==Summary==
 
==Summary==
  
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'''Non-commercial is not non-profit.''' The non-commercial license effectively protects the creator of a work from any use in which a third party may make monetary profits from the work. It comes, however, at a high societal cost. '''While maximizing protection, is also minimizing the potential for re-use.''' It prevents use in open content projects like the [http://www.wikipedia.org/ Wikipedias] or [http://www.oercommons.org/ Open Educational Resources (OER)]. Even for non-profit initiatives that have no license policy, pending a future high-court decision in each legislation, any use of works under the non-commercial licensed works comes at a high legal and financial risk for the responsible person or organisation.
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'''Non-commercial is not non-profit.''' The non-commercial license effectively protects the creator of a work from any use in which a third party may make monetary profits or any other commercial advantage from the work. It comes, however, at a high societal cost. '''While maximizing protection, it minimizes the potential for re-use.''' It prevents use in open content projects like the [http://www.wikipedia.org/ Wikipedias] or [http://www.oercommons.org/ Open Educational Resources (OER)]. Even for non-profit initiatives that have no license policy, pending a future high-court decision in each legislation, any use of works under the non-commercial licensed works comes at a high legal and financial risk for the responsible person or organisation.
  
 
According to both the OSI Open Source Definition<ref>Open Source Initiative (undated). The Open Source Definition (Annotated) Version 1.9. http://opensource.org/docs/definition.php - accessed 2011-02-20.</ref> and the GNU Free Software Definition<ref>Free Software Foundation 2010. The Free Software Definition. Updated: 2010/11/12. http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html</ref>, the [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ CC by-sa license] is an Open Content and Open Source license, whereas the [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ non-commercial CC by-nc-sa license] is not<ref name="möller2007">Erik Möller 2007. The case for free use: Reasons not to use a Creative Commons NC license. http://freedomdefined.org/Licenses/NC</ref>.
 
According to both the OSI Open Source Definition<ref>Open Source Initiative (undated). The Open Source Definition (Annotated) Version 1.9. http://opensource.org/docs/definition.php - accessed 2011-02-20.</ref> and the GNU Free Software Definition<ref>Free Software Foundation 2010. The Free Software Definition. Updated: 2010/11/12. http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html</ref>, the [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ CC by-sa license] is an Open Content and Open Source license, whereas the [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ non-commercial CC by-nc-sa license] is not<ref name="möller2007">Erik Möller 2007. The case for free use: Reasons not to use a Creative Commons NC license. http://freedomdefined.org/Licenses/NC</ref>.

Revision as of 00:10, 4 March 2011

Species-ID, like Wikipedia is a non-profit venture, funded only by public research funds and private in-kind donations. It is therefore possible to reproduce works licensed under the Creative Commons attribution non-commercial share-alike license on Species-ID. However, we recommend that you use the Creative Commons attribution share-alike license instead. The following summary will be discussed in detail below:


Nutshell.png Summary in a nutshell:
  1. Although many people identify non-profit activities are non-commercial, the precise definition classifies a great part of non-profit activities as commercial.
  2. If you make a living by selling your pictures etc., please consider contributing to Species-ID under CC by-nc-sa (the Creative Commons attribution non-commercial share-alike license, which is not an open content license). This will largely protect your commercial interests. However, it also strongly limits re-use of your contribution: non-profit-organisations, most scientific societies, Wikipedia, etc. will be unable to use your contribution.
  3. If you do not make a living from your pictures etc., please consider sharing them as open content by supplying them under the open content licenses CC by or CC by-sa (the latter is equivalent to the GPL used for much Open Source software). Doing so will enable a much wider re-use of your contribution: non-profit-organisations, most scientific societies, Wikipedia, etc. will be able to use your contribution. Your choice of license will greatly increase the efficiency of informing people about biodiversity. However, a publisher may use the work in a book that generates a profit. Please consider that this may be in the interest of biodiversity education.


The non-commercial condition

In addition to the requirements of the Creative Commons attribution share-alike license used by Wikipedia, which already requires that

  • authorship is appropriately attributed (for the original as well as all derived works) and
  • all derived and improved works are made available to the community again (share-alike),

the non-commercial clause requires that one

  • "may not use this work for commercial purposes".

The full text in the license text relating to this clause is:

You may not exercise any of the rights granted to You in Section 3 above in any manner that is primarily intended for or directed toward commercial advantage or private monetary compensation. The exchange of the Work for other copyrighted works by means of digital file-sharing or otherwise shall not be considered to be intended for or directed toward commercial advantage or private monetary compensation, provided there is no payment of any monetary compensation in connection with the exchange of copyrighted works. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/legalcode)

To our knowledge, no further interpretation beyond this legal contract code is provided by Creative Commons.

What is a commercial activity?

The word commercial means referring to commerce, which in turn may be defined as: “1. the activity embracing all forms of the purchase and sale of goods and services” (Collins English Dictionary, 2nd ed.). The term “commercial” is thus not directly linked to the concept of making profits. A non-profit enterprise, that charges money to support their business (without making profits beyond cost compensation), is a commercial enterprise.

The Creative Commons corporation have published a report on the perceptions of the term “non-commercial” (Announcement and Full PDF[1]) which shows that the perceptions differ and that many people will consider use of a non-commercial-restricted work in the context of advertisement for cost-recovery an acceptable interpretation. However, which interpretation will be accepted in a legal court case, remains open to speculation – courts do not decide according to a majority interpretation – and requires a separate court decision in each jurisdiction.

Monetary compensation and commercial advantages

The license distinguishes between (1) a general definition of activities allowed under the license and (2) the special case of “the exchange of the work for other copyrighted works”. In the first case, “non-commercial” is defined by two elements:

  • “no private monetary compensation” (= any kind of payment) and
  • “no commercial advantage” (= any direct or indirect non-cash-profit, potentially including profits in reputation [e. g. through sponsoring] or savings of expenses [one does not have to buy a copy of the work in the shop...]).

The second case of exchanging copyrighted work does allows commercial advantages, focusing only on monetary compensation. The fact that a special case is introduced stresses that (a) absence of “monetary compensation” is a core principle that is upheld in all cases, and (b) that any form of “commercial advantage” is a binding principle for all activities (except exchanging copyrighted works).

It is important to realize that a “compensation” includes form of cost recovery or even partial recovery.


Re-use of works under a Creative Commons non-commercial license

Any private or legal person or organisation may use a non-commercially licensed work, depending on the context of the activity. The re-use depends on the context and goal of an activity, not on the person or organisation.

For profit use

Charging money for the work as a means to obtain profit is clearly prohibited.

Total or partial cost recovery

Charging money for the work as a means to recover cost is clearly prohibited by the choice of “compensation” rather than “profit” in the license text. This prevents, for example, the following uses:

  • a work is distributed as a handout on a nature-education walk organised by a non-profit organisation or society for which a small participation fee of 5 EUR is required
  • a work is used for education in an environment where some cost subsidizing monetary compensation occurs (tuition, class fees, etc.).

Use in Advertisements

Distributing the work without direct monetary compensation will generally have indirect effects (“commercial advantage”). The license specifies that secondary effects shall be included in the consideration (“or directed toward ...”).

In a general sense, many uses can be interpreted as an advertisement (including the case of advertising services of a non-profit organisation). Whether indirect effects are considered to create a commercial advantage or not, will be difficult to decide. Test cases to decide whether a non-commercially-licensed work may be legitimately used might be:

  • A large for-profit soft-drink producer runs an advertisement campaign "better drinks for a more joyful life".
  • A large for-profit beer brewer advertises their products with "50 cent of every purchase buy and preserve a piece of Amazonian rain forest".
  • A large non-profit nature conservancy organization runs an advertisement campaign; the immediate goal might be to increase their paying membership base, the ultimate goal to increase their financial and political abilities to serve the cause of nature protection.

In each of the cases a court may decide that the license stipulates non-commercial, not non-profit, and that indirect effects of the advertisement (advertisements being also called known "commercials") lead to commercial advantage of the user, making the use contrary to the license terms.

The income of many private or legal persons depends to some extent on their activities involving the use of copyrighted works. It will be difficult for those to demonstrate that these activity are not akin to advertisements.

The share-alike clause

A common misperception of "non-commercial" licenses is that any work under a more generous license will be available to non-commercial use. This is, however, not the case. The share-alike clause on materials under CC by-sa, e. g. from Wikipedia, does prevent the use under a more restricted license such as a the non-commercial CC by-nc-sa license.

In collective works, with separate and unambiguous license attribution, such works may be mixed. Achieving the necessary separation comes, however, at a significant management and controlling cost.


Summary

Non-commercial is not non-profit. The non-commercial license effectively protects the creator of a work from any use in which a third party may make monetary profits or any other commercial advantage from the work. It comes, however, at a high societal cost. While maximizing protection, it minimizes the potential for re-use. It prevents use in open content projects like the Wikipedias or Open Educational Resources (OER). Even for non-profit initiatives that have no license policy, pending a future high-court decision in each legislation, any use of works under the non-commercial licensed works comes at a high legal and financial risk for the responsible person or organisation.

According to both the OSI Open Source Definition[2] and the GNU Free Software Definition[3], the CC by-sa license is an Open Content and Open Source license, whereas the non-commercial CC by-nc-sa license is not[4].

The non-commercial license certainly has valid applications, for example, where a person or organisation depends on income that may be achieved by commercially licensing its works. However, in cases where the potential profits from commercial use are comparatively low, the societal cost should be balanced against the lost income. This assessment should be especially carefully made in the case of publicly funded organisations or research.

See also

Related topics:


References

  1. ↑ Creative Commons 2009. Defining “Noncommercial” – A Study of how the online population understands “Noncommercial Use”. http://mirrors.creativecommons.org/defining-noncommercial/Defining_Noncommercial_fullreport.pdf
  2. ↑ Open Source Initiative (undated). The Open Source Definition (Annotated) Version 1.9. http://opensource.org/docs/definition.php - accessed 2011-02-20.
  3. ↑ Free Software Foundation 2010. The Free Software Definition. Updated: 2010/11/12. http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Erik Möller 2007. The case for free use: Reasons not to use a Creative Commons NC license. http://freedomdefined.org/Licenses/NC
  5. ↑ Wikimedia Commons 2009. Licensing Justifications. http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=25264121
  6. ↑ Appropedia 2010. Non-commercial licenses vs open licenses Problems with non-commercial licenses. http://www.appropedia.org/Non-commercial_licenses_vs_open_licenses#Problems_with_non-commercial_licenses
  7. ↑ Mike Linksvayer 2011. CC and data[bases]: huge in 2011, what you can do. February 1st, 2011, http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/26283

Author: Gregor Hagedorn, 2011. Suggested citation: to be added after leaving draft stage.

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