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| | {{Publication to wiki notice | | {{Publication to wiki notice |
| − | | author = Sendall, Kelly AND Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. | + | | author = Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. AND Buzhinskaja, Galina |
| − | | author_abbreviated = Sendall K AND Salazar-Vallejo S | + | | author_abbreviated = Salazar-Vallejo S AND Buzhinskaja G |
| | | year = 2013 | | | year = 2013 |
| − | | title = Revision of ''' ''Sternaspis'' ''' Otto, 1821 (Polychaeta, Sternaspidae) | + | | title = Six new deep-water sternaspid species (Annelida, Sternaspidae) from the Pacific Ocean |
| | | journal = ZooKeys | | | journal = ZooKeys |
| − | | volume = 286 | + | | volume = 348 |
| − | | pages = 1--74 | + | | pages = 1--27 |
| − | | doi = 10.3897/zookeys.286.4438 | + | | doi = 10.3897/zookeys.348.5449 |
| − | | citationurl = http://www.pensoft.net/journals/zookeys/article/4438/citation/ | + | | citationurl = http://www.pensoft.net/journals/zookeys/article/5449/citation/ |
| − | | url = http://www.pensoft.net/journals/zookeys/article/4438/abstract | + | | url = http://www.pensoft.net/journals/zookeys/article/5449/abstract |
| | | publisher = Pensoft Publishers | | | publisher = Pensoft Publishers |
| | | publisherurl = http://www.pensoft.net/ | | | publisherurl = http://www.pensoft.net/ |
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| | | Infraspecific name = | | | Infraspecific name = |
| | | Taxon rank = | | | Taxon rank = |
| − | | Taxon authority = Otto, 1821, restricted | + | | Taxon authority = Otto, 1821 |
| | | Taxon status = | | | Taxon status = |
| | | Wikispecies page name = Sternaspis | | | Wikispecies page name = Sternaspis |
| | + | | ZooBank ID = http://species-id.net/wiki/Sternaspis |
| | | Pensoft Profile = Sternaspis | | | Pensoft Profile = Sternaspis |
| | }} | | }} |
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| | ==Diagnosis== | | ==Diagnosis== |
| − | Sternaspids with introvert hooks falcate, tapered. Pre-shield region with 7 segments. Ventro-caudal shield stiff, usually with radial ribs and concentric lines. Branchial filaments arranged in discrete branchial plates. | + | Sternaspids with introvert hooks falcate, tapered. Pre-shield region with 7 segments. Ventro-caudal shield stiff, usually with abundant sediment particles loosely adhered; with well-developed radial ribs and concentric lines. Branchial filaments arranged in discrete branchial plates. |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==Remarks==
| + | |
| − | A species resembling current ''{{Taxon name|Sternaspis}}'' was described and illustrated by Janus Plancus in 1760<ref name="B113">{{aut|Plancus J}} (1760) Ariminensis. De Conchis Minus Notis Liber. Cui accessit specimen aestus reciproci maris superi ad Littus Portumque Arimini. Editio Altera. Duplici Appendice Acuta. Roma, 136 pp, 14 Pl.</ref > as a sea cucumber under the name ''Mentula {{Taxon name|Cucurbitacea}} Marina'' in a book on Mediterranean marine animals (Plancus 1760<ref name="B113">{{aut|Plancus J}} (1760) Ariminensis. De Conchis Minus Notis Liber. Cui accessit specimen aestus reciproci maris superi ad Littus Portumque Arimini. Editio Altera. Duplici Appendice Acuta. Roma, 136 pp, 14 Pl.</ref >). In that account Plancus indicated that the specimen was from near Rimini, the Emilia-Romagna Italian region bordering the Adriatic Sea. From the description and accompanying illustration, he was undoubtedly describing a sternaspid. Plancus apparently neglected to use binomial nomenclature in his work and so his name is not available (Petersen 2000<ref name="B109">{{aut|Petersen M}} (2000) Family Sternaspidae Carus 1863. Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel. J.A Blake; B. Hilbig and P.V. Scott (Eds) Santa Barbara Museum ofNatural History. Santa Barbara, California 4: 311–336.</ref >).<br />
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| − | The next described species in the group was ''{{Taxon name|Echinorhynchus scutatus}}'' Renier (1807). Petersen (2000)<ref name="B109">{{aut|Petersen M}} (2000) Family Sternaspidae Carus 1863. Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel. J.A Blake; B. Hilbig and P.V. Scott (Eds) Santa Barbara Museum ofNatural History. Santa Barbara, California 4: 311–336.</ref > indicated that Renier’s paper, or what could be found of it, was rejected as a formal publication by the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1954<ref name="B77">{{aut|ICZN }} (1954) International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature Opinion 316. Rejection for nomenclatorial purposes of the Tavola alfabetica delle Conchiglei Adriatische and Prospetto della Classe dei Vermi of S.A. Renier commonly attributed to the year 1804. Bulletin of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 9 (5): 91-106.</ref >), although some names have been officialy validated (Muir and Petersen 2010<ref name="B103">{{aut|Muir A}}, {{aut|Petersen M}} (2010) ''Tricoelia variopedata'' Renier, [1804] (currently ''Chaetopterus variopedatus''; Annelida, Polychaeta): proposed conservation of the specific name. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 67: 279-284.</ref >). Ten years after the account by Renier, the first valid description of a species was published by Ranzani (1817)<ref name="B115">{{aut|Ranzani C}} (1817) Descrizione di una nuova specie del genere Thalassema. Opuscoli scientifica 2, 112, Oken’s Isis 12–13(183): 1457–1461. [transl. German with additional comments in 1817]</ref > as ''{{Taxon name|Thalassema scutatus}}''.<br />
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| − | Otto (1821)<ref name="B108">{{aut|Otto A}} (1821) Animalium maritimorum nondum editorum genera duo. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlichen Leopoldinisch-Carolinischen Akademie der Naturforscher 10(2): 618–634, Pls. 50–51.</ref > proposed ''{{Taxon name|Sternaspis}}'' to replace ''{{Taxon name|Thalassema}}'' Ranzani, 1817, and described ''{{Taxon name|Sternaspis thalassemoides}}'', which he regarded as closely allied to ''{{Taxon name|Thalassema scutatus}}''. Otto indicated that ''{{Taxon name|Thalassema}}'' had been already employed by Pallas (and replaced by Leach 1816<ref name="B90">{{aut|Leach W}} (1816) Annulosa. Encyclopedia Britannica Supplement to the Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Editions 1(2): 401–453, Pls. 20–26.</ref >, to ''{{Taxon name|Thalessema}}''). The type species for ''{{Taxon name|Sternaspis}}'' has been regarded as ''{{Taxon name|Echinorhynchus scutatus}}'' Renier, 1807 by Hartman (1959)<ref name="B58">{{aut|Hartman O}} (1959) Catalogue of the polychaetous annelids of the world. Part II. Allan Hancock Foundation Publications Occasional Paper 28: 355-628.</ref >, Fauchald (1977)<ref name="B36">{{aut|Fauchald K}} (1977) The Polychaete Worms. Definitions and keys to the orders, families and genera, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Science Series 28: 1-190.</ref > and Gilbert (1984)<ref name="B51">{{aut|Gilbert K}} (1984) Family Sternaspidae Carus 1863. In: Uebelacker JM, Johnson PG (Eds) Taxonomic Guide to the ''Polychaetes'' ofthe Northern Gulf of Mexico. In: Mobile, Alabama, Barry A. Vittor & Associates Inc. volume 6, 45.1–45.4.</ref >. This is incorrect because of the rejection of the publications by Renier, and because the only species included in the proposal of the new genus was ''{{Taxon name|Sternaspis thalassemoides}}'' Otto, 1821. Consequently, this must be regarded as the type species by monotypy. Although Ranzani had understood correctly the body ends, Otto confused them because he thought the shield was anterior. Claparède (1869)<ref name="B22">{{aut|Claparède E}} (1869) Les Annélides Chétopodes du Golfe de Naples. Seconde Partie. Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle de Genève 20 (1): 1-225.</ref > praised Krohn (1842)<ref name="B88">{{aut|Krohn A}} (1842) Uber den ''Sternaspis thalassemoides''. Muller’s Archiv fur Anatomie, Physiologie und Wissenschafltiche Medicin 1842: 426-432.</ref > and Müller (Mueller 1852<ref name="B102">{{aut|Mueller M}} (1852) Observationes anatomicae de Vermibus quibusdam maritimis. Dissertatio inauguralis comparator-anatomica quam consensus et auctoritate Gratiosi Medicorum ordinis in Alma Litteratum Universitate Friderica Guilelma ut Summi in Medicina et Chirugia honores. Berolini, 32 pp.</ref >) for setting it straight as to which end of sternaspids was anterior and which posterior. However, it seems that the first indication of the correct body polarity was made by de Blainville (1828<ref name="B28">{{aut|de Blainville H}} (1828) Vers (Entomoz.). Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles 57: 365-625.</ref >: 500–501, Pl. 26, unnumb.), because he corrected the illustrations, although he repeated the confusions regarding the body features.<br />
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| − | ''{{Taxon name|Sternaspis}}'' differs from ''{{Taxon name|Petersenaspis}}'' gen. n. because the ventro-caudal shield is stiff, the introvert hooks are tapered, not subdistally expanded, and the branchial filaments are arranged in discrete plates, not loosely arranged. ''{{Taxon name|Sternaspis}}'' differs from ''{{Taxon name|Caulleryaspis}}'' gen. n. because the latter has a soft ventro-caudal shield with abundant sediment particles on it.<br />
| + | |
| − | ''{{Taxon name|Sternaspis}}'' includes, besides the type species, ''{{Taxon name|Sternaspis thalassemoides}}'' Otto, 1821 reinstated, from the Mediterranean Sea, ''{{Taxon name|Sternaspis affinis}}'' Stimpson, 1864 from the Northeastern Pacific, ''{{Taxon name|Sternaspis africana}}'' Augener, 1918, new status, from Western Africa, ''{{Taxon name|Sternaspis andamanensis}}'' sp. n. from the Andaman Sea, ''{{Taxon name|Sternaspis costata}}'' Marenzeller, 1879 from Japan, ''{{Taxon name|Sternaspis fossor}}'' Stimpson, 1853 from the Northwestern Atlantic, ''{{Taxon name|Sternaspis islandica}}'' Malmgren, 1867 from Iceland, ''{{Taxon name|Sternaspis maior}}'' Chamberlin, 1919 from the Gulf of California, ''{{Taxon name|Sternaspis princeps}}'' Selenka, 1885 from New Zealand, ''{{Taxon name|Sternaspis rietschi}}'' Caullery, 1944 from abyssal depths around Indonesia, ''{{Taxon name|Sternaspis scutata}}'' (Ranzani, 1817) from the Mediterranean Sea, ''{{Taxon name|Sternaspis spinosa}}'' Sluiter, 1882 from Indonesia, and ''{{Taxon name|Sternaspis thorsoni}}'' sp. n. from the Arabian Gulf. In ''{{Taxon name|Petersenaspis}}'' gen. n., besides the type species, ''{{Taxon name|Petersenaspis capillata}}'' (Nonato, 1966) comb. n. from Central and Southern Brazil, the genus also includes ''{{Taxon name|Petersenaspis palpallatoci}}'' sp. n. from the Philippine Islands. ''{{Taxon name|Caulleryaspis}}'' gen. n. includes ''{{Taxon name|Caulleryaspis gudmundssoni}}'' sp. n. from Iceland and ''{{Taxon name|Caulleryaspis laevis}}'' (Caullery, 1944) comb. n. from Indonesia.
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| − | | + | |
| − | ==Key to species of ''{{Taxon name|Sternaspis}}'' Otto, 1821==
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| − | (distribution in parenthesis after studied materials)
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| − |
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| − | {{Key Start
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| − | | title = Key to species of ''{{Taxon name|Sternaspis}}'' Otto, 1821
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| − | | description =
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| − | | flags = jkey-hidekeymetadata
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| − | | parent taxon =
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| − | | parent key =
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| − | | parent key text =
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| − | | status =
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| − | | creators = K. Sendall & S. Salazar-Vallejo
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| − | }}
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| − | {{Lead | 1 | Ventro-caudal shield’s fan with a distinct median notch
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| − | | result text = 2}}
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| − | {{Lead | – | Ventro-caudal shield’s fan continuous, without a distinct median notch
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| − | | result text = 6}}
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| − | {{Lead | 2(1) | Shield with radial ribs and concentric lines distinct
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| − | | result text = 3}}
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| − | {{Lead | – | Shield with radial ribs distinct, concentric lines barely visible
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| − | | result text = ''{{Taxon name|Sternaspis maior}}'' Chamberlin, 1919 (Eastern Pacific, Gulf of California)}}
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| − | {{Lead | 3(2) | Fan with median notch shallow
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| − | | result text = 4}}
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| − | {{Lead | – | Fan with median notch deep; shields usually with concentric bands
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| − | | result text = 5}}
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| − | {{Lead | 4(3) | Shield with distinct concentric bands; main rib and posterior corners directed posteriorly
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| − | | result text = ''{{Taxon name|Sternaspis affinis}}'' Stimpson, 1864 (Northeastern Pacific Ocean)}}
| + | |
| − | {{Lead | – | Shield without concentric bands; posterior corners directed laterally
| + | |
| − | | result text = ''{{Taxon name|Sternaspis scutata}}'' (Ranzani, 1817) (Mediterranean Sea and Northeastern Atlantic Ocean)}}
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| − | {{Lead | 5(3) | Shield with posterior corners distinct
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| − | | result text = ''{{Taxon name|Sternaspis costata}}'' von Marenzeller, 1879 (Northwestern Pacific Ocean)}}
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| − | {{Lead | – | Shield with posterior corners poorly-defined
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| − | | result text = ''{{Taxon name|Sternaspis fossor}}'' Stimpson, 1853 (Northwestern Atlantic Ocean)}}
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| − | {{Lead | 6(1) | Fan margin crenulated, not projected posteriorly
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| − | | result text = 7}}
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| − | {{Lead | – | Fan margin denticulated, medially projected posteriorly
| + | |
| − | | result text = 11}}
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| − | {{Lead | 7(6) | Shield with ribs and concentric lines
| + | |
| − | | result text = 8}}
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| − | {{Lead | – | Shield with ribs; concentric lines indistinct
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| − | | result text = ''{{Taxon name|Sternaspis princeps}}'' Selenka, 1885 (Southwestern Pacific Ocean, New Zealand)}}
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| − | {{Lead | 8(7) | Shield anterior margins rounded
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| − | | result text = 9}}
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| − | {{Lead | – | Shield anterior margins acute
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| − | | result text = ''{{Taxon name|Sternaspis spinosa}}'' Sluiter, 1882 (Indonesia, Java)}}
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| − | {{Lead | 9(8) | Shield with posterior corners distinct
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| − | | result text = 10}}
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| − | {{Lead | – | Shield with posterior corners indistinct
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| − | | result text = ''{{Taxon name|Sternaspis rietschi}}'' Caullery, 1944 (Indonesia)}}
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| − | {{Lead | 10(9) | Posterior corners barely projected beyond fan margin; introvert hooks thick, bronze
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| − | | result text = ''{{Taxon name|Sternaspis thalassemoides}}'' Otto, 1821 (Northeastern Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea)}}
| + | |
| − | {{Lead | – | Posterior corners projected beyond fan margin; introvert hooks thin, golden
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| − | | result text = ''{{Taxon name|Sternaspis thorsoni}}'' sp. n. (Indian Ocean, Arabian Gulf).}}
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| − | {{Lead | 11(6) | Fan without lateral notches; body papillae arranged in distinct transverse rows
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| − | | result text = ''{{Taxon name|Sternaspis africana}}'' Augener, 1918 n. status (Eastern Atlantic Ocean, Ghana to Angola)}}
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| − | {{Lead | – | Fan with lateral notches; body papillae distributed homogeneously, not arranged in transverse rows
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| − | | result text = ''{{Taxon name|Sternaspis andamanensis}}'' sp. n. (Indian Ocean, Andaman Sea)}}
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| − | {{Key End}}
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| | ==Taxon Treatment== | | ==Taxon Treatment== |
| − | *{{aut|Sendall, K}}; {{aut|Salazar-Vallejo, S}}; 2013: Revision of ''' ''Sternaspis'' ''' Otto, 1821 (Polychaeta, Sternaspidae) [http://www.pensoft.net/journals/zookeys/ ''ZooKeys'',] '''286''': 1-74. {{doi|10.3897/zookeys.286.4438}} | + | *{{aut|Salazar-Vallejo, S}}; {{aut|Buzhinskaja, G}}; 2013: Six new deep-water sternaspid species (Annelida, Sternaspidae) from the Pacific Ocean [http://www.pensoft.net/journals/zookeys/ ''ZooKeys'',] '''348''': 1-27. {{doi|10.3897/zookeys.348.5449}} |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==Other References==
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| − | | + | |
| − | <references />
| + | |
Sternaspids with introvert hooks falcate, tapered. Pre-shield region with 7 segments. Ventro-caudal shield stiff, usually with abundant sediment particles loosely adhered; with well-developed radial ribs and concentric lines. Branchial filaments arranged in discrete branchial plates.
