Difference between revisions of "Hormogaster abbatissae"

Latest revision as of 09:42, 15 November 2012

Taxonavigation

Ordo: Haplotaxida
Familia: Hormogastridae
Genus: Hormogaster

Name

Hormogaster abbatissae Novo & Díaz Cosín sp. n. – Wikispecies link – ZooBank link – Pensoft Profile

• Hormogaster abbatissae Novo, 2010: 249 (eprints.ucm.es/12304/1/T32615.pdf) and Novo and Díaz Cosín, in press: (http://www.ucm.es/info/zoo/invertebrados/PDF/Novo%20et%20al%20%28en%20prensa%29%20When%20morphology%20and%20molecules%20clash.pdf) – nomina nuda superceded by current publication.

Material examined

Holotype. Adult (Catalog # SAN11 DZAF, UCM), 42°13'30.0"N, 2°14'57.5"E, from a small patch of forest near the Ter river, road C26, Km 210, between Ripoll and Sant Joan de les Abadesses, Girona (Spain), leg. M. Novo, D. Díaz Cosín, R. Fernández, December 2006.
Paratypes. 21 specimens (Catalog # SAN1-10, 12-22 DZAF, UCM), same collecting data as holotype.
Other material examined. 16 Hormogaster species and several subspecies included in the study by Novo et al. (2011)^[1].

Morphological description

External morphology (Figure 1). Length of the mature specimens: 103-130 mm. Maximum diameter (pre-clitellar, clitellar, post-clitellar): 8, 11, 9 mm. Number of segments: 239-270. Weight (fixed specimens): 3.45-4.98 g.
Colour: Anterior pink in live animals, with darker clitellum and grey-bluish posterior (Supplementary Figure S.1B). Specimens are grey-bluish when preserved in ethanol, with beige clitellum (Supplementary Figure S.1D).
Prostomium proepilobic 1/3. Segments 1 and 2 showing longitudinal lines. Chaetae closely paired, quite lateral, visible along the body as two faint blue lines; intersetal ratio at segment 50, aa: 50, ab: 1.5, bc: 9, cd: 1, dd: 52. Nephridial pores in a row, between chaetae b and c. Spermathecal pores at intersegments 8/9, 9/10 and 10/11, at the level of chaetae cd.
Male pores opening near the 15/16 as elongated fissures at the level of ab, showing heart-shaped porophores of variable developmental degree that can cover practically all width of the segment 15 and ½ of 16 in mature specimens. Female pores in 14 more or less at the same level as the male ones.
Clitellum saddle-shaped extending over 14,15–27. Tubercula pubertatis in (20) 21,22–26,27 appearing frequently as a continuous line in 21–27. Papillae with variable position, frequently situated at ab chaetae in segment 27, although more variable in other segments within the pre-clitellar and clitellar area.
Internal anatomy. Funnel-shaped and strongly thickened septa in 7/8, 8/9 and 9/10, also in 6/7 and 10/11, less thickened though. Last pair of hearts in 11. Three globular strongly muscular gizzards in 6, 7 and 8 of shining appearance. Not apparent Morren’s glands, although in transverse sections of the oesophagus at segments 10 to 14 some thickened blood vessels can be detected, but never the lamellae typically showed by this glands.
Lack of well-differentiated posterior gizzard, although the esophagus is a bit dilated at 15–16, but its wall is not especially muscular and its lumen does not exhibit a reinforcement similar to that in the anterior gizzards. In segments 17–25, 26, the gut shows folds in the wall of every segment, forming what has been called a stomach in some earthworms. Typhlosole begins in 20, 21 and presents 15 lamellae, being the two lateral ones very small that therefore could be unnoticed. Number of lamellae gradually decreases, showing three from segment 80 to 140–150, and one until 160–170 where the typhlosole ends. Therefore the last 70 to 100 segments lack the typhlosole.
Fraying testes and iridescent seminal funnels in 10 and 11. Two pairs of granular appearing seminal vesicles in 11 and 12 frequently showing black bodies. Ovaries and female funnels in 13; big ovarian receptacles in 14.
Three pairs of spermathecae in segments 8, 9 and 10 included into septa 8/9, 9/10 and 10/11 the ones in 8 being the smallest. Spermathecae with the appearance of flattened sacks, dish or flying saucer showing irregular borders inside the body wall under some of the muscular fascicles. They can be divided internally into interconnected lobes that in fact do not represent independent spermathecae but simple multicameral spermathecae that open to the exterior by a unique pore.
Anterior nephridial bladders V-shaped with widely open branches, being one of them shorter. They flatten towards the posterior section of the body, until the extent of showing appearance of an elongated sausage.
In some of the specimens, the sexual chaetae in 11 and 12 present well developed follicles that go into the body as a projection where various chaetae simultaneously appear.

Distribution

Known only from its type locality.

Habitat

Specimens were collected in a small forest patch dominated by Populus alba, Acer pseudoplatanus and Rosa canina, which develops in a slope at the edge of a meadow. The soil was covered with abundant leaf litter (Supplementary Figure S1. A), and it is characterized by 13.57% of coarse sand, 9.62% fine sand, 6.27% coarse silt, 32.37% fine silt, and 38.18% clay, constituting a clay loam soil, carbon (C): 4.48%, nitrogen (N): 1.32%, C/N: 3.39, pH: 7.09.

Etymology

The specific epithet derives from abbatissa, Latin for abbess, as the species is dedicated to the abbess Emma, the first Abbess head of the Monastery of Sant Joan de les Abadesses, founded in 885 AC by her father, the Count of Barcelona, Guifré el Pilós. The Monastery was run by nuns until the year 1,017 when the female community was expelled, presumably for disorderly conduct, and replaced by monks.

Molecular characters

Sequences from COI (8 individuals), 16S-tRNA (8 ind.), histone H3 (4 ind.), histone H4 (4 ind.), 28S rRNA (2 ind.) and 18S rRNA (1 ind.) were analysed with additional hormogastrid species. Phylogenetic analyses of the molecular data shows robust support for the monophyly of Hormogaster abbatissae sp. n., which is the sister species of Hormogaster sylvestris Qiu & Bouché, 1998 (Figure 2), described in the nearby locality of Montmajor (Barcelona, Spain). This clade forms the sister group to almost all other Hormogaster species from the NE Iberian Peninsula (see Novo et al. 2011^[1] for details). This latter clade from the NE Iberian Peninsula splits into two groups, the first clade including Hormogaster gallica Rota, 1994 from Banyuls-sur-Mer (S of France), Hormogaster catalaunensis Qiu & Bouché, 1998 from El Brull (Barcelona, Spain) and Hormogaster pretiosa nigra Bouché, 1970 from Quillan (S of France). Its sister clade includes other Hormogaster species from the NE Iberian Peninsula, including Hormogaster riojana Qiu & Bouché, 1998 and related species (Figure 2).
Uncorrected pairwise distances for 16S-tRNA and COI are shown in Table 3 for the sister species Hormogaster abbatissae sp. n. and Hormogaster sylvestris and the morphologically-close Hormogaster riojana as well as its sister species Hormogaster ireguana Qiu & Bouché, 1998. Hormogaster elisae is included as a distant relative, even though it belongs to a possible new genus (see Novo et al. 2011^[1]).
The networks recovered by Splitstree4 for the COI and 16S genes including morphological and molecular closest species are shown in Figure 2.
GMYC analyses performed by Novo et al. (2012)^[2] identified Hormogaster abbatissae, Hormogaster riojana and Hormogaster sylvestris as different species.

Ecological characters

Soil characteristics in the localities where Hormogaster abbatissae sp. n., Hormogaster riojana and Hormogaster sylvestris occur are shown in Table 4. Differences in soil texture were detected: Hormogaster sylvestris and Hormogaster riojana inhabit Silt-loamy soils, whereas Hormogaster abbatissae sp. n. inhabits Clay-loamy soils. Hormogaster abbatissae sp. n. inhabits soils with a higher content in organic matter. Comparisons with the remaining species of the family were provided by Novo et al. (2012)^[2].

Original Description

• Novo, M; Fernández, R; Marchán, D; Mónica Gutiérrez, ; Cosín, D; 2012: Compilation of morphological and molecular data, a necessity for taxonomy: The case of Hormogaster abbatissae sp. n. (Annelida, Clitellata, Hormogastridae) ZooKeys, 242: 1-16. doi

Images

Figure 1. External morphology of Hormogaster abbatissae. An illustration of nephridial bladders in segments 14 and 50 is shown in the upper right corner.  Figure 2. Top, part of the parsimony tree recovered by Novo et al. (2011)[1], showing the clade where Hormogaster abbatissae was placed (in that work it is named sp n.). Bottom, network representation for 16S-tRNA and COI recovered by SplitsTree4 of the closest species (surrounded by a black square in the tree above) and Hormogaster elisae and Aporrectodea trapezoides as distant references.The number of specimens used is indicated in parenthesis.

Other References

1. ↑ ^{1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3} Novo M, Almodóvar A, Fernández R, Giribet G, Díaz Cosín D (2011) Understanding the biogeography of a group of earthworms in the Mediterranean basin—the phylogenetic puzzle of Hormogastridae (Clitellata: Oligochaeta). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 61: 125-135. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.05.018
2. ↑ ^{2.0 2.1} Novo M, Almodóvar A, Fernández R, Trigo D, Díaz Cosín D, Giribet G (2012) Appearances can be deceptive: different diversification patterns within a group of Mediterranean earthworms (Oligochaeta, Hormogastridae). Molecular Ecology 21: 3776-3793. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05648.x