Difference between revisions of "Chthonius (Gardini, Giulio 2013)"

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(Chthonius (Gardini, Giulio 2013))
(Chthonius (Gardini, Giulio 2013))
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  | journal = Zootaxa
 
  | journal = Zootaxa
 
  | volume = 3655
 
  | volume = 3655
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  | pages = 16 -- 20
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  | pages = 20 -- 26
 
  | doi = TODO
 
  | doi = TODO
 
  | citationurl =  
 
  | citationurl =  
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  | Familia = Chthoniidae
 
  | Familia = Chthoniidae
 
  | Genus = Chthonius
 
  | Genus = Chthonius
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  | Specific name =  
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  | Specific name = austriacus
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  | Infraspecific name =  
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  | Infraspecific name = boldorii
 
  | Taxon rank = genus
 
  | Taxon rank = genus
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  | Taxon authority = Gardini, Giulio, 2013
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  | Taxon authority = Beier 1934: 56
 
  | Taxon status =  
 
  | Taxon status =  
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  | Nomenclature citation = {{Nomenclature citation| ''{{Taxon name|Chthonius }}'' Gardini, Giulio, 2013, Zootaxa 3655: 16-20.}}  
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  | Nomenclature citation = {{Nomenclature citation| ''{{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus}}'' Gardini, Giulio, 2013, Zootaxa 3655: 20-26.}}  
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  | Wikispecies page name = Chthonius_
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  | Wikispecies page name = Chthonius_austriacus
 
  | ZooBank ID =  
 
  | ZooBank ID =  
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  | Pensoft Profile = Chthonius_
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  | Pensoft Profile = Chthonius_austriacus
 
}}
 
}}
  
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{{Section|class=description|heading = Description|content={{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} (E.) {{Taxon name|Chthonius aegatensis|''aegatensis''}} Callaini 1989: 138, figs 1 A–F (n. syn.).}}
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{{Section|class=description|heading = Description|content={{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} (E.) {{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''austriacus''}} {{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''austriacus''}} (not Beier, 1931): Lazzeroni 1969 b: 396 (misidentification, in part).
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{{Taxon name|Chthonius boldorii|''Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) boldorii''}}: Mahnert 1981: 95, figs 2–3; DeVore-Scribante 1999: 17, 135, 224, 264, figs 11 a–g; Muster et al., 2004: 300, figs 2, 4, 6, 13– 18.
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{{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} (E.) {{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''austriacus''}} (not Beier, 1931): Gardini 1991: 177 (misidentification).
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C. (E.) {{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''fuscimanus''}} (not Simon, 1900): Gardini 2004: 129 (misidentification).}}
  
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{{Section|class=materials_examined|heading = Materials Examined|content=[[Type]] locality: [[Italy]], Sardinia, Cagliari Prov., Narcao, Colle della Campanasissa (39 ° 12 ʹ0 4 ʺN 8 ° 46 ʹ 18 ʺE).}}
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{{Section|class=materials_examined|heading = Materials Examined|content=[[Type]] locality: [[Italy]], Lombardy, Brescia Prov., Prevalle, Il Baratro di Monte Budellone 134 Lo/BS (45 ° 33 ʹ 52 ʺN 10 ° 25 ʹ 26 ʺE).}}
  
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{{Section|class=distribution|heading = Distribution|content=Distribution. Sicily (Egadi Isl.), central and southern Sardinia, Majorca.}}
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{{Section|class=distribution|heading = Distribution|content=Distribution.[[Slovenia]], [[Croatia]], [[Austria]], [[Germany]], [[Switzerland]], NE [[Italy]].}}
  
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{{Section|class=diagnosis|heading = Diagnosis|content=Diagnosis (Ƥ). An eyed epigean {{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} ({{Taxon name|Ephippiochthonius|''Ephippiochthonius''}}) that differs from other species of the {{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}} group in the following combination of characters: movable cheliceral finger with isolated subapical tooth (di), spinneret mostly absent in males; carapace with 2 preocular microsetae on each side; ocular series with 6 macrosetae; posterior margin of carapace with 4 macrosetae, pedipalpal hand (in lateral view) with a rounded hump distad of trichobothria ib-isb; fixed chelal finger with 12–16 triangular teeth (proximal rounded teeth excepted); proximal half of fixed chelal finger with 2–5 rounded and spaced teeth, marginal lamina not prominent; proximal half of movable chelal finger with thick marginal lamina, with rounded or vestigial teeth with high base; genital opening of males flanked by 5–8 setae on each side, partly scattered along sides of genital opening; length of chela 0.45–0.57 (3), 0.50–0.66 (Ƥ) mm, length of movable chelal finger 0.26–0.35 (3), 0.28–0.40 (Ƥ) mm; chela 4.0– 5.3 (3), 3.6–4.6 (Ƥ) times as long as deep; ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.0– 1.2.}}
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{{Section|class=diagnosis|heading = Diagnosis|content=Diagnosis (Ƥ). An eyed epigean {{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} ({{Taxon name|Ephippiochthonius|''Ephippiochthonius''}}) from Northeastern Alps that differs from other species of the {{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}} group in the following combination of characters: movable cheliceral finger without isolated subapical tooth (di); fixed finger, at level of est-it with 3–4 teeth occupying 0.1 mm (distance between successive apices 0.032–0.035 mm); length of chela 0.63–1.03 (3), 0.69–1.22 (Ƥ) mm, length of movable chelal finger 0.35–0.56 (3), 0.37–0.62 (Ƥ) mm.}}
  
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{{Section|class=materials_examined|heading = Materials Examined|content=[[Type]] material examined.[[ITALY]] —Sicily: Trapani Prov.—1 3 1 Ƥ ([[paratype|paratypes]]), “Marettimo 5.4. 82 Contrada Cisterna. humus e fogliame sotto macchia mediterranea” “ {{Taxon name|Chthonius aegatensis|''Chthonius aegatensis''}} Callaini [[paratypu|paratypus]] ” (MSNG). Sardinia: Cagliari Prov.—1 3 1 Ƥ ([[paratype|paratypes]]), “Sardegna. Colle della Campanasissa 22.3. 76 15 Km. da Narcao. humus di leccio e corbezzolo” “ {{Taxon name|Chthonius berninii|''Chthonius berninii''}} Callaini [[paratypu|paratypus]] ” (MSNG). Sardinia: Nuoro Prov.—1 3 (with broken opisthosoma) 1 Ƥ ([[paratype|paratypes]]), “Sardegna. Baunei 4.4. 78 fogliame di leccio” “ {{Taxon name|Chthonius bauneensis|''Chthonius bauneensis''}} Callaini [[paratypu|paratypus]] ” (MSNG).
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{{Section|class=materials_examined|heading = Materials Examined|content=Material examined.[[SLOVENIA]] —1 Ƥ, Ravne na Koroškem, cave Jama pri Votli peči n. 3263, 10.VII. 1977, Kuštor & T. Novak leg.
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Other material examined.[[ITALY]] —Sardinia: Cagliari Prov.—2 3, Arbus, near Miniera Ingurtosu, 257 m a.s.l., 14.XI. 2009, G. Ruzzante leg., under stone; 2 Ƥ, Ballao, Rio Bintinoi, 2.XII. 1986, L. Fancello & P. Leo leg.; 1 3 1 Ƥ, Burcei, Monte Sette Fratelli, 26.I. 1990, L. Fancello & P. Leo leg.; 1 Ƥ, id., 8.III. 1991; 1 3, id., 17.V. 1991; 4 Ƥ, Cagliari, Cala Regina, 15.III. 1989, L. Fancello & P. Leo leg.; 2 Ƥ, Carbonia, Barbusi, 11.XI. 1986, L. Fancello & P. Leo leg.; 1 Ƥ, Carbonia, Monte Sirai, 22.XII. 1990, L. Fancello & P. Leo leg.; 1 3 3 Ƥ, Domus de Maria, 29.XII. 1991, P. Leo leg.; 1 3 1 Ƥ, id., Cala de sa Musica, 56 m a.s.l., 31.X. 2009, G. Ruzzante leg., under stone; 1 3 3 Ƥ, id., Punta Su Pisu, 19 m a.s.l., XII. 2007, G. Ruzzante leg.; 1 Ƥ, id., V. 2008; 4 3 3 Ƥ, id., XII. 2008; 3 Ƥ, id., I. 2009; 2 3 6 Ƥ, id., XI. 2009, dried faggots; 3 3 3 Ƥ, Domusnovas, 12.I. 1990, L. Fancello & P. Leo leg.; 1 Ƥ, Escalaplano, near provincial road n. 13, 230 m a.s.l., 14.III. 2010, C. Torti leg., Mediterranean low scrub; 1 Ƥ, Sant’Antioco, [[Isola]] il Toro, 10.V. 1988, R. Poggi leg. (MSNG); 1 3 1 Ƥ 1 T, id., [[Isola]] Sant’Antioco, Cala Lunga, 11.II. 1984, L. Fancello & P. Leo leg.; 1 Ƥ, id., 4.II. 1990, L. Fancello leg.; 2 3, near Narcao, 1.IV. 1997, S. Vit leg., mature Mediterranean forest; 3 3, Pula, Pixina Manna, 15.II. 1992, L. Fancello & P. Leo leg.; 2 3 4 Ƥ, Santadi, 17.XII. 1993, L. Fancello & P. Leo leg.; 2 Ƥ, id., Punta Sébera, Grotta 3 a di Rocca Gravellus 1622 Sa/CA, 780 m a.s.l., 19.I. 1997, J. De Waele & M. Pisano leg., under stone; 1 Ƥ 2 T, Sarroch, 11.IV. 1989, L. Fancello leg.; 1 3 2 Ƥ, id., 25.II. 1991, L. Fancello & P. Leo leg.; 4 3 3 Ƥ 1 T, id., 29.X. 1986; 3 Ƥ, id., 6.V. 1991; 1 3 1 Ƥ, Siliqua, Orbai, 1.IV. 1991, G. Gardini leg., holm oak; 3 3 3 Ƥ, Soleminis, Monte Arrubiu, 390 m a.s.l., 10.X. 2009, G. Ruzzante leg., under stone; 1 3, Teulada, 3.III. 1991, P. Leo leg.; 2 3, Uta, Genna de su Cerbu, 8.XI. 1989, L. Fancello leg.; 1 3 1 Ƥ 1 T, Villacidro, 15.III. 1987, P. Leo leg.; 4 Ƥ, Villasimius, 12.I. 1993, L. Fancello & P. Leo leg.; 1 Ƥ, id., [[Isola]] Serpentara, 9.V. 1988, R. Poggi leg. (MSNG). Sardinia: Nuoro Prov.—1 3 2 Ƥ, Baunei, 18.XII. 1992, P. Leo leg.; 1 3, Baunei, forestal area of Monte Lopene, 710 m a.s.l., 21.V. 2010, C. Torti leg., {{Taxon name|Pinus pinaster|''Pinus pinaster''}}; 1 Ƥ, near Baunei, 7.XII. 1991, L. Fancello & P. Leo leg.; 1 3 2 T, Baunei, near Perda Longa, 20 m a.s.l., [no date], C. Torti leg., scrub on limestone; 3 3 2 Ƥ, id., San Pietro, 550 m a.s.l., 5.VII. 1984, C. Torti leg., scrub on limestone; 2 T, Supramonte di Baunei, Grotta di Su Canale n.c. Sa/NU, X. 2003, P. Marcia leg.; 1 3, Gairo, Gairo Cardedu, 26.VI. 1984, C. Torti leg., holm oak; 1 3, id., Gairo Marina, 5 / 14.IV. 2009, C. Torti leg.; 2 3, Lanusei, 10.I. 1993, L. Fancello leg.; 2 3 1 Ƥ, id., near main road n. 198 km 89, 2.VII. 1984, C. Torti leg., holm oak on granite; 3 3 5 Ƥ, id., main road n. 198 km 90, 19.VI. 1985, C. Torti leg., holm oak; 1 3 1 T, Ollolai, between SP 29 and SP 22, 800 m a.s.l., 12.III. 2009, C. Torti leg., holm oak; 1 Ƥ, Perdasdefogu, 15.III. 1990, L. Fancello & P. Leo leg. Sardinia: Oristano Prov.—1 3, Ardauli, 30.XII. 1994, L. Fancello & P. Leo leg.}}
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[[SWITZERLAND]] —Grisons—1 Ƥ 1 T 1 D, Poschiavo, San Carlo, 1100 m a.s.l., 4.VIII. 1981, C. Torti leg., {{Taxon name|Fagus sylvatica|''Fagus sylvatica''}} wood; 3 3 1 Ƥ, near Poschiavo, 1100 m a.s.l., 20.VII. 1980, C. Torti leg., mixed wood. Tessin—4 3 1 Ƥ 7 T 3 D, Curio, Pura, 2.X. 1985, G. Cotti leg., {{Taxon name|Fagus sylvatica|''Fagus sylvatica''}} wood; 2 3 1 Ƥ 3 T 3 D, Val Ruina, 26.VII. 1985, G.
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Cotti leg., {{Taxon name|Ostrya carpinifolia|''Ostrya carpinifolia''}} wood; 1 Ƥ, Gole below Beredino, 11.VI. 1986, G. Cotti leg.; 1 3 1 Ƥ, Gole della Breggia, 19.X. 1985, leg.?; 4 Ƥ 1 T 1 D, id., 5.XI. 1985, A. Fossati leg., cestnut wood and along the river; 7 3 12 Ƥ 4 T, Monte Generoso, Cribbietta, 350 m a.s.l., 6.V. 1987, leg.?, {{Taxon name|Ulmus|''Ulmus''}}; 3 3 2 Ƥ, id., Val Corta, 860 m a.s.l., 6.V. 1987, leg.?, {{Taxon name|Corylus|''Corylus''}}, {{Taxon name|Acer|''Acer''}} and {{Taxon name|Tilia|''Tilia''}}; 1 Ƥ, id., Grumo, 700 m a.s.l., 7.VII. 1987, leg.?, mixed wood; 3 3 4 Ƥ 1 T, id., Castellaccio, Val Molino, 420 m a.s.l., 14.V. 1987, leg.?, mixed elm wood; 1 3, id., Bosco del Trave, 980 m a.s.l., 6.VII. 1987, leg.?, mixed wood; 3 3 1 T, Madonna di Valmara, 860 m a.s.l., 5.V. 1987, leg.?, {{Taxon name|Fagus|''Fagus''}}.
  
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{{Section|class=description|heading = Description|content=Description of adults (Ƥ). Integument pigmented, carapace, tergites, chelicerae and pedipalps yellowbrown; lateral surface of carapace, cheliceral palm and base of movable chelal finger with weak hispid granulation. Carapace 0.9–1.1 times longer than broad, subquadrate; anterior margin (figs 18–19) strongly dentate between median macrosetae, with small epistome in both sexes; ocular area as in fig. 20, four eyes, the anterior ones with weakly convex lens (diameter 0.030–0.038 mm), posterior eyes more reduced, with weak lens; distance from anterior eyes to anterior margin of carapace 0.024–0.030 mm; chaetotaxy mm 4mm: 6: 4: 2: 4 (20), rarely one preocular microseta, macrosetae fairly fine; length of anteromedian macrosetae 0.063–0.082 mm; posterolateral macrosetae shorter than posteromedian ones. Chaetotaxy of tergites I–X 4: 4: 4: 4: 6: 6: 6: 6: 6: 4. Chaetotaxy of sternites II–X 10:(3) 8 (3):(2) 7 (2): 8: 6: 6: 6: 6: 7; sternite II rarely with 8, 9 or 11 setae, st. III 7, st. IV 6–8, st. V 9; genital opening of males (fig. 25) flanked by 5–8 setae on each side, partly scattered; genital opening of variable width, mostly with straight, more or less opened sides (i.e. 3 from Sarroch, 29.X. 1986). Chelicerae (figs 21–23) 1.9–2.2 times as long as broad, palm with 6 setae and 2 (rarely 1) microsetae laterally; fixed finger with 4–7 teeth proximally reduced in size and 5–8 proximal microtubercles; movable finger with an isolated subapical tooth (di), at the same level—or a little proximad—of the spinneret, and with 4–7 teeth proximally reduced in size and a few proximal microtubercles; gl ratio 0.55–0.61; spinneret mostly absent in males, in females keel-like or prominent, rarely only weakly raised (figs 21–22), cone-shaped and apically rounded (fig. 23); rallum with 11 blades; serrulae interior and exterior respectively with 12 and 14 or 15 blades. Coxal setae: pedipalp 5 (including 2 on manducatory process), I 3 + 3 marginal microsetae, II 4, III 5, IV 6; coxa II with 5–12 (mostly 5–8) coxal spines, coxa III with 2– 6 (mostly 4–5) coxal spines; intercoxal tubercle bisetose. Pedipalp (figs 24, 26– 27): femur 4.3–5.3 (3), 4.4–5.1 (Ƥ) times as long as broad, basally with moderate hispid granulation; chela 4.0– 5.3 (3), 3.6–4.6 (Ƥ) times as long as deep; hand of chela 1.7–2.1 (3), 1.55–1.9 (Ƥ) times as long as deep, smooth, with an evident round hump distad of ib-isb and a marked hollow—with thicker cuticule—just before the base of movable finger; fixed chelal finger usually with 14–15 (rarely 12 or 16) teeth: 1 or 2 distal, small and acuminate teeth, 10–14 large, triangular, faintly reclined teeth, all with dental canals, and 1–5 proximal rounded teeth with dental canals; base of fixed finger with 4–8 microtubercles; tip of fixed finger with a modified accessory tooth (td) on antiaxial face; pedipalpal fixed finger at level of est-it with 5–6 teeth occupying 0.1 mm (distance between successive apices 0.022–0.023 mm); distal half of movable finger rarely with 1 or 2 distal denticles and with 6–11 triangular and upright teeth with dental canals; proximal half of movable finger with 5–9 rounded vestigial teeth, without dental canals, on high marginal lamina; base of movable finger with few microtubercles; coupled sensilla pc mostly at level of sb; trichobothria as in figs 26–27, eb-esb-ist mostly placed in a straight line or with ist distad of the line eb-esb, ist sometimes at level of esb; basal apodeme of movable finger strongly sclerotized, variable in shape, mostly slightly curved and apically truncate; ratio of movable finger/hand of chela 1.2–1.65 (3), 1.2–1.5 (Ƥ); ratio of pedipalpal femur/movable finger 1.15–1.3 (3 Ƥ); ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.0– 1.2 (3 Ƥ).
 
  
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Measurements (in mm). Body length 1.0– 1.2 (3) 1.3–1.4 (Ƥ). Carapace 0.28–0.35 × 0.28–0.34 (0.26–0.30 anteriorly) (3), 0.30–0.40 × 0.32–0.40 (0.32–0.35 anteriorly) (Ƥ). Chelicerae 022– 0.27 × 0.11–0.135 (3), 0.25– 0.32 × 0.13–0.16 (Ƥ), movable finger length 0.12–0.15 (3), 0.135–0.17 (Ƥ). Pedipalp: femur 0.32–0.40 × 0.06– 0.08 (3), 0.36–0.45 × 0.07–0.10 (Ƥ); chela 0.45–0.57 × 0.10–0.12 (3), 0.51–0.66 × 0.13–0.16 (Ƥ); hand length 0.19–0.24 (3), 0.23–0.27 (Ƥ); movable finger length 0.26–0.35 (3), 0.29–0.40 (Ƥ).
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ITALY— Friuli: Udine Prov.—3 3 1 Ƥ 1 T, Cervignano, Bosco Pradiziolo, 9.I. 1982, M. Seriani leg., mixed oak wood; 1 3 5 Ƥ, id., 16.I. 1983, oak wood (together with 4 3 2 Ƥ of {{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}}); 1 3 1 Ƥ, id., 4.III. 1983 (together with 4 3 5 Ƥ 1 T of {{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}}); 1 3, Cormons, Colle di Medea, Grotta II di Borgnano n.c., 11.V. 2002, F. Stoch & G. Tomasin leg.; 2 3 5 Ƥ, Losaz, south slope of Monte Matajur, 13.VI. 1993, S. Zoia leg.; 4 3 1 Ƥ, Lusevera, near Casere Tanatcason, 740 m a.s.l., 6.VII– 4.IX. 2006, G. Colombetta & L. Dorigo leg., scree slope (MFNB); 2 3, id., 6.VIII– 4.IX. 2006, G. Colombetta leg., pitfall traps in stable scree slope (together with a Ƥ of {{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}}); 1 Ƥ, id., 7.XI. 2006 – 15.V. 2007, G. Colombetta & L. Dorigo leg., stable scree slope (MFNB); 4 3 1 Ƥ 1 T, id., 15.V– 21.VI. 2007, L. Dorigo leg., pitfall traps in stable scree slope; 1 3, id., 12.VII– 29.VIII. 2007, stable scree slope (MFNB); 1 Ƥ, id., 4.IX– 5.X. 2007, G. Colombetta leg., stable scree slope (MFNB); 1 Ƥ, id., 21.VI– 12.VII. 2007, stable scree slope (MFNB); 2 3 1 Ƥ, Moggio Udinese, Stavoli Tugliezzo, Rio Lavarie, 470 m a.s.l., 26.IX– 30.X. 2001, G. Governatori & A. Dall’Asta leg., {{Taxon name|Fagus sylvatica|''Fagus sylvatica''}} wood (together with 6 3 7 Ƥ 10 T 22 D of C.
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Description of tritonymph. Integument with weak pigmentation and weak hispid granulation. Carapace as long as broad (1.0), anterior margin with small epistome; eyes as in adults (diameter of anterior eyes 0.024 mm); chaetotaxy m 4m: 6: 4: 2: 4 (20), length of anteromedian macrosetae 0.059 mm. Chaetotaxy of tergites as in adults. Chaetotaxy of sternites II–X 5:(2) 6 (2):(1) 6 (1): 7: 6: 6: 6: 6: 5. Chelicerae 1.9 –2.0 times as long as broad, palm with 5 setae and 1 lateral microseta; fixed finger with 6–8 teeth, movable finger with an isolated subapical tooth (di) and 3–5 contiguous teeth; gl ratio 0.59–0.60. Coxal setae: pedipalp 5 (including 2 on manducatory process), I 2–3 + 2 marginal microsetae, II 4, III 5, IV 5; coxa II with 4–6 coxal spines, coxa III with 2–4 coxal spines intercoxal tubercle bisetose. Pedipalp: femur 4.6–4.8 times as long as broad; chela 4.3–4.7 times as long as deep; hand of chela 1.8–1.9 times as long as deep, with a slight round hump distad of ib-isb and a marked hollow—with thicker cuticle—just before the base of the movable finger; fixed chelal finger on the whole with 11–13 teeth: 2 very small distal teeth, 9–11 triangular, large teeth and 1–2 proximal rounded teeth; base of fixed finger with microtubercles; tip of fixed finger with a modified accessory tooth (td) on antiaxial face; distal half of movable finger with 1 distal denticle and 6–7 upright, triangular teeth with dental canals; proximal half of movable finger with 5 rounded vestigial teeth, without dental canals, on high marginal lamina; base of movable finger with 4–5 microtubercles; coupled sensilla pc distad of b; ratio of movable finger/hand of chela 1.35–1.4; ratio of pedipalpal femur/movable finger 1.1–1.2; ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.0.
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{{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''fuscimanus''}}) (MFNB); 1 3 1 Ƥ, north of Savogna, 250 m a.s.l., 26.VI. 1994, S. Zoia leg., {{Taxon name|Fagus sylvatica|''Fagus sylvatica''}} wood; 1 3 2 Ƥ, Trasaghis, 250 m a.s.l., 5.V. 1992, F. Gasparo leg. (together with a 3 of {{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}}); 1 3 2 Ƥ, Venzone, Pioverno, 250 m a.s.l., 11.II– 14.VII. 1992, F. Gasparo leg., pitfall traps in {{Taxon name|Ostrya carpinifolia|''Ostrya carpinifolia''}} wood (together with 14 3 15 Ƥ 2 T of {{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}}). Veneto: Verona Prov.—1 3 1 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, G. Lazzeroni det.), Albisano, 4.VI. 1968, G. Lazzeroni, R. Gioco & A. Montolli leg. (MSNV); 1 Ƥ, Badia Calavena, near Grotta Damati, 11.VII. 2002, D. Avesani & L. Latella leg.; 1 Ƥ, id., 20.VII. 2002, D. Avesani & M. Rampini leg.; 2 3 4 Ƥ, id., 31.VII. 2002, D. Avesani leg.; 1 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, G. Lazzeroni det.), Boscochiesanuova, Vajo dell’Anguilla, 2.V. 1968, G. Lazzeroni, G. Osella & A. Montolli leg. (MSNV); 3 3 2 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, G. Lazzeroni det.), Cerro Veronese, Vajo di Squaranto, 9.V. 1968, G. Lazzeroni leg. (MSNV); 1 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, G. Lazzeroni det.), id., Vajo di Squaranto near Cerro, 11.VII. 1968, G. Lazzeroni leg. (MSNV); 1 3 2 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, G. Lazzeroni det.), Colognola ai Colli, 30.XI. 1967, G. Lazzeroni & G. Osella leg. (MSNV); 1 Ƥ, Marano di Valpolicella, west of Marezzane, 550 m a.s.l., 5.XI– 22.XII. 2006, A. & M. Zanetti leg., mixed wood; 1 Ƥ, id., 25.IV– 3.VI. 2007; 1 3 ({{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}}, G. Gardini det.), Monte Baldo, near Pra Alpesina, 1300 m a.s.l. ca, 31.V. 1987, C. Torti leg.; 1 Ƥ, id., Eremo SS. Benigno e Caro, 800 m a.s.l., 2.III. 1997, A. Tagliapietra & A. Zanetti leg.; 1 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}}, G. Gardini det. 2000), Dolcè, Monte Pastello, 21.V. 1999, C. Manfrin leg. (MSNV); 1 T ({{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}}, G. Gardini det. 2000), id., 22.VI. 1999 (MSNV); 2 3 ({{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}}, G. Gardini det. 2000), id., 22.VII. 1999 (MSNV); 1 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}}, G. Gardini det. 2000), id., 20.VIII. 1999 (MSNV); 1 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, G. Lazzeroni det.), Erbezzo, VI. 1968, G. Lazzeroni leg. (MSNV); 2 Ƥ, id., Ponte dell’Anguillara, valletta delle Rane, 1050 m a.s.l., 3.X. 2010, D. Bianco & E. Piva leg. (EPV); 1 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}}, G. Gardini det. 2000), Fumane, Molane, Monte Pastello, 22.VI. 1999, C. Manfrin leg. (MSNV); 1 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}}, G. Gardini det. 2000), id., 22.VII. 1999 (MSNV); 1 3 1 Ƥ 1 T ({{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}}, G. Gardini det. 2000), id., 20.VIII. 1999 (MSNV); 1 Ƥ 1 T ({{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}}, G. Gardini det. 2000), id., 1.X. 1999 (MSNV); 2 3, Garda, Sengie, 23.II. 1983, M. Rizzotti Vlach leg. (MSNV); 9 3 1 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, G. Lazzeroni det.), between Giazza and Revolto, 10.VII. 1968, G. Lazzeroni & A. Montolli leg. (MSNV); 1 3 ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, G. Lazzeroni det.), summit of Monte Pastello, 1127 m a.s.l., 28.V. 1968, G. Lazzeroni, R. Gioco & A. Montolli leg. (MSNV); 2 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}}, G. Gardini det. 2000), id., 1120 m a.s.l., 24.IX. 1999, A. Zanetti leg., under {{Taxon name|Fagus|''Fagus''}}; 1 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, G. Lazzeroni det.), Montecchio, 2.V. 1968, G. Lazzeroni & G. Osella leg. (MSNV); 3 3 4 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, G. Lazzeroni det.), id., 29.IX. 1968, G. Osella leg. (MSNV); 1 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, G. Lazzeroni det.), between Montecchio and Grezzana, Case Vecie, 6.XII. 1967, G. Lazzeroni leg. (MSNV); 1 3 1 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, M. Beier det.), between Montorio and Castagnè, hills, 19.III. 1969, A. Zanetti leg. (MSNV); 1 3 2 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, G. Lazzeroni det.), Musella, 26.IV. 1968, G. Lazzeroni leg. (MSNV); 1 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, M. Beier det.), Prun, 15.IX. 1969, A. Zanetti leg. (MSNV); 1 Ƥ, between Rivoli and Caprino, Morena, 22.III. 1975, G. Osella & Laudanna leg. (MSNV); 3 3 1 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, G. Lazzeroni det.), Sega di Ala, 20.VI. 1968, G. Lazzeroni leg. (MSNV); 1 T (C. (E.) sp., G. Lazzeroni det.), id., 20.VI. 1968 (MSNV); 4 3 2 Ƥ, Trezzolano, 15.I. 1977, Guglielmi leg. (MSNV); 1 3 1 Ƥ, id., II. 1978, Guglielmi leg. (MSNV); 1 3 2 Ƥ 1 T ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, G. Lazzeroni det.), Verona, Vajo del Paradiso, 27.III. 1968, G. Lazzeroni leg. (MSNV); 2 3 2 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, G. Lazzeroni det.), id., north slope of Vajo del Paradiso, 27.III. 1968, G. Osella leg. (MSNV); 2 3 4 Ƥ 2 T, id., Vajo del Paradiso, 27.II. 1973, leg.?. Veneto: Vicenza Prov. — 1 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, G. Gardini det. 1986), Cornedo Vicentino, Grotta del Covoletto 39 V /VI, 28.V. 1982, E. Piva & I. Ferrari leg. (MSNV); 1 3 ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, G. Gardini det. 1986), Longare, Covolo del Tesoro 166 V/VI, 1.X. 1985, S. Zoia & R. Sciaky leg.; 1 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, M. Beier det.), Pederiva, 18.III. 1972, A. Zanetti leg. (MSNV); 1 3, Sossano, Madonna della Croce, 13.III. 1997, A. Zanetti leg., mixed wood. Trentino: Trento Prov.—1 3, Ala, Val Ronchi, 900 m a.s.l., 5.X. 1989, S. Zoia leg., {{Taxon name|Fagus sylvatica|''Fagus sylvatica''}} wood; 2 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, M. Beier det.), near Riva del Garda, Monte San Pietro, 900 m a.s.l., 12.X. 1969, A. Zanetti leg. (MSNV); 2 3 2 Ƥ, Val di Genova, 1000 m a.s.l., 10.VIII. 1976, G. Raffone leg., sieved under beech. Lombardy: Bergamo Prov.—1 Ƥ 4 T 2 D, Brembilla, Catremerio, 1000 m a.s.l., 2.XI. 1991, G. Gardini leg., {{Taxon name|Fagus sylvatica|''Fagus sylvatica''}} wood; 1 3, Endine Gaiano, Perlisa, 550 m a.s.l., 19.VI– 8.VIII. 1996, P. Pantini & M. Valle leg., scree (MBCG); 4 3 6 Ƥ 5 T, Fonteno, 7.V. 1978, G. Parodi & S. Zoia leg.; 1 3, Gandellino, [no date], 800 m a.s.l., A. Focarile leg., {{Taxon name|Acer|''Acer''}} and {{Taxon name|Corylus|''Corylus''}}; 2 Ƥ, Mezzoldo, south of Mezzoldo, 770 m a.s.l., 26.IX. 1996, S. Zoia leg.; 1 3, Monasterolo, Val Torrezzo Fonta, 600 m a.s.l., 6.VII.1995, 3.VIII. 1995, P. Pantini & M. Valle leg. (MBCG); 3 Ƥ, id., 20.IX– 26.X. 1995 (MBCG); 2 Ƥ, id., 2.IV– 9.V. 1996 (MBCG); 1 3 2 Ƥ, id., 9.V– 19.VI. 1996 (MBCG); 1 3 5 Ƥ 1 T, id., 19.VI– 8.VIII. 1996 (MBCG); 1 3 3 Ƥ 2 T 1 D, id., 8.VIII– 10.X. 1996 (MBCG); 1 Ƥ, Orezzo, Gazzaniga, Val Dé, 9.III. 2000, R. Monguzzi leg. (RMM); 1 3 2 Ƥ 2 T, Parzanica, Valle dei Foppi, 550 m a.s.l., 19.VI– 8.VIII. 1996, P. Pantini & M. Valle leg. (MBCG); 10 3 8 Ƥ 8 T 4 D, north of Piazzolo, 700 m a.s.l., 26.IX. 1996, S. Zoia leg.; 2 Ƥ, Sovere, Monte Sovere, 1250 m a.s.l., 20.IX– 15.XI. 1995, P. Pantini & M. Valle leg., prairie (MBCG); 1 Ƥ, id., 19.VI– 8.VIII. 1996 (MBCG); 1 Ƥ, id., 8.VIII– 10.X. 1996 (MBCG); 1 Ƥ 1 T, id., Valle Sandina, 500 m a.s.l., 20.IX– 26.X. 1995, P. Pantini & M. Valle leg. (MBCG); 1 3, id., 27.X. 1995 – 20.II. 1996 (MBCG); 1 3 1 Ƥ, id., 2.IV– 9.V. 1996 (MBCG); 2 3 5 Ƥ 2 T, id., 9.V– 19.VI. 1996 (MBCG); 2 3 5 Ƥ 1 D, id., 19.VI– 8.VIII. 1996 (MBCG); 2 3, id., 8.VIII– 10.X. 1996 (MBCG); 1 3 2 Ƥ, Vigolo, Ronchi della Bratta, 800m a.s.l., 2.IV– 9.V. 1996, P. Pantini & M. Valle leg., [[Norway]] spruce woods (MBCG); 1 3 1 Ƥ, id., 11.VIII– 19.IX. 1995 (MBCG); 2 3 1 Ƥ, id., 9.V– 19.VI. 1996 (MBCG); 1 Ƥ, id., 8.VIII– 10.X. 1996 (MBCG); 4 Ƥ, Taleggio, I Serrati, 500 m a.s.l., VIII. 1991, Bacchetta leg. Lombardy: Brescia Prov.—5 3 4 Ƥ 2 T 1 D, near Bovegno, 900 m a.s.l., 17.X. 1982, C. Giusto, C. Torti & S. Zoia leg., {{Taxon name|Fagus sylvatica|''Fagus sylvatica''}} wood; 1 3, Desenzano del Garda, Laghi Sovenigo, 2.XI. 1997, A. Tagliapietra & A. Zanetti leg., marsh; 14 3 13 Ƥ 8 T 6 D ({{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}}, G. Gardini det.), near Incudine, upper Val Camonica, 5.IX. 1993, S. Zoia leg., sieved under {{Taxon name|Corylus|''Corylus''}}; 1 Ƥ, Lumezzane, Val Porcino, 24.X. 1987, M. Grottolo leg.; 1 3 2 Ƥ, near Polaveno, 9.VII. 1979, S. Zoia leg.; 1 Ƥ, Tremosine, 2.II. 1997, A. Zanetti leg.; 2 T 3 D, Vobarno, Nalmase, 30.VI. 1991, M. Bodon leg. Lombardy: Como Prov.—1 3 2 Ƥ, Cernobbio, Monte Bisbino, 1300 m a.s.l., 19.III. 2000, R. Monguzzi leg.; 1 3 5 T, Dasio, south slope of Cima della Noga, 1100 m a.s.l., 15.X. 1994, S. Zoia leg., hazel-wood; 1 Ƥ, Varenna, 4.VII. 1978, S. Vit leg., gravier/racines (MHNG). Lombardy: Lecco Prov.—3 3 10 Ƥ 9 T 2 D, southwestern near Ballabio, 550 m a.s.l., 29.I. 1994, S. Zoia leg.; 1 3 2 Ƥ 1 T, Lecco, Monte Barro, 800 m a.s.l., 24.XI. 1990, S. Zoia leg.; 1 Ƥ, id., Grigna meridionale, Piani Resinelli, Miniera del Coltignone, 1200 m a.s.l., 4.IV. 1996, R. Monguzzi leg. (RMM); 1 Ƥ, id., southwestern slope of Grigna settentrionale, 1100 m a.s.l. ca, 19.IV. 1997, S. Zoia leg., basis of {{Taxon name|Fagus|''Fagus''}} and {{Taxon name|Quercus ilex|''Ilex''}}; 2 3, Paderno d’Adda, cañon Fiume Adda, 200 m a.s.l., 1.V. 2010, S. Zoia leg.; 1 Ƥ, north of Valmadrera, 500 m a.s.l., 6.II. 2011, S. Zoia leg. Lombardy: Mantova Prov.—1 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus|''C. austriacus''}}, G. Lazzeroni det.), Solferino, 31.III. 1968, G. Osella leg. (MSNV). Lombardy: Varese Prov.—2 3 2 Ƥ, Campo dei Fiori, 1100 m a.s.l., 1.XI. 1983, S. Zoia & R. Sciaky leg., {{Taxon name|Fagus sylvatica|''Fagus sylvatica''}} wood on limestone.}}
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Measurements (in mm). Body length 1.0– 1.1. Carapace 0.28–0.30 × 0.29–0.31 (0.245–0.26 anteriorly). Chelicerae 0.22–0.23 × 0.11–0.12, movable finger length 0.11–0.115. Pedipalp: femur 0.29–0.32 × 0.06–0.07; chela 0.44–0.475 × 0.094–0.11; hand length 0.18–0.20; movable finger length 0.26–0.27.}}
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{{Section|class=discussion|heading = Discussion|content=Remarks.{{Taxon name|Chthonius berninii|''Chthonius berninii''}} was described by Callaini (1983, p. 406) from specimens of both sexes from southern Sardinia and compared to {{Taxon name|Chthonius gibbus|''C. gibbus''}}, {{Taxon name|Chthonius siculus|''C. siculus''}} and {{Taxon name|Chthonius tuberculatus|''C. tuberculatus''}} Hadži, 1937. In the same paper, Callaini (1983, p. 415) described {{Taxon name|Chthonius bauneensis|''C. bauneensis''}} from specimens of both sexes from central-eastern Sardinia ([[type]] loc.: Baunei) and compared it to {{Taxon name|Chthonius machadoi|''C. machadoi''}} Vachon, 1940, {{Taxon name|Chthonius cassolai|''C. cassolai''}} and {{Taxon name|Chthonius parmensis|''C. parmensis''}}. Finally, {{Taxon name|Chthonius aegatensis|''C. aegatensis''}} was described by Callaini (1989) from specimens of both sexes from Marettimo Is. (Sicily) and compared to {{Taxon name|Chthonius berninii|''C. berninii''}} and {{Taxon name|Chthonius bauneensis|''C. bauneensis''}}.
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{{Section|class=description|heading = Description|content=Description of adults (Ƥ). Integument pigmented, carapace, tergites, chelicerae and pedipalps brown; pedipalpal hand mostly of the same colour of fingers, sometimes darker; lateral surface of carapace and cheliceral palm with strong hispid granulation. Carapace 0.9 –1.0 times longer than broad, subquadrate; anterior margin (figs 28–29) dentate between median macrosetae, sometimes weakly prominent but without epistome; ocular area as in fig. 30; four well-developed eyes, the anterior ones with convex lens (diameter 0.034–0.054 mm) and tapetum, posterior eyes with more or less flat lens with tapetum, or reduced to ocular spot without tapetum; distance from anterior eyes to anterior margin of carapace 0.034–0.054 mm; chaetotaxy mm 4mm: 6: 4: 2: 2 (18), rarely 1 preocular microseta, macrosetae thick; length of anteromedian macrosetae 0.08–0.13 mm. Chaetotaxy of tergites I–X 4: 4: 4: 4: 6: 6: 6: 6: 6: 4. Chaetotaxy of sternites II–X 9:(3) 10 (3):(2) 8 (2): 8: 6: 6: 6: 6: 7; sternite II rarely with 7–8 setae, st. III with (3) 11 (3) setae, st. IV–V with (2) 7 (2): 9 setae; genital opening of males mostly flanked by 7 (rarely 5, 6 or 8) setae on each side. Chelicerae (figs 31–32) 2.0– 2.2 times as long as broad, palm with 6 setae and 2 microsetae laterally; fixed finger with 6–8 subequal teeth and 5–9 proximal microtubercles; movable finger with 4–6 teeth proximally reduced in size and 4–5 proximal tubercles; movable finger without isolated subapical tooth (di); gl ratio 0.55–0.62; spinneret large and prominent, apically rounded, slightly smaller in males; rallum with 11 blades; serrulae interior and exterior respectively with 12 and 14 blades. Coxal setae: pedipalp 5 (including 2 on manducatory process), I 3 + 3 marginal microsetae, II 4, III 5, IV 6; coxa II with 7–11 (rarely 16–19) coxal spines, coxa III with 3–6 coxal spines; intercoxal tubercle bisetose. Pedipalp (figs 33–35): femur 5.6–7.1 (3), 5.5–7.3 (Ƥ) times as long as broad, basally with hispid granulation; chela 5.3–6.4 (3), 4.3–5.1 (Ƥ) times as long as deep; hand of chela 2.2–2.7 (3), 2.0– 2.3 (Ƥ) times as long as deep, weakly depressed at level of ib-isb, without hump distad of ib-isb; fixed chelal finger mostly with 11–12 (rarely 10 or 16) large triangular teeth, with dental canals, slightly reclined, the first two proximal teeth mostly brought close together and prominent, the first one mostly apically rounded; base of fixed finger with a variable number of microtubercles; tip of fixed finger with a modified accessory tooth (td) on antiaxial face; fixed chelal finger at level of est-it with 3–4 teeth occupying 0.1 mm (distance between successive apices 0.032–0.035 mm); distal half of movable finger with 6 (rarely 5 or 7) upright, large, triangular teeth with dental canals; first proximal tooth of movable finger distad of the half of the finger (ratio 0.51–0.66); proximal half of movable finger with straight, thick marginal lamina; coupled sensilla pc mostly between b and sb; trichobothria as in figs 34–35, eb-esb-ist placed mostly in a straight line, or with ist a little distad of the line eb-esb; basal apodeme of movable finger strongly sclerotized, bent and apically truncated and crenellated; ratio of movable finger/hand of chela 1.2–1.5 (3), 1.1–1.3 (Ƥ); ratio of pedipalpal femur/movable finger 1.3 (3), 1.4 (Ƥ); ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.3–1.6 (3 Ƥ).
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Comparison between original descriptions and drawings of {{Taxon name|Chthonius berninii|''C. berninii''}}, {{Taxon name|Chthonius bauneensis|''C. bauneensis''}} and {{Taxon name|Chthonius aegatensis|''C. aegatensis''}} shows that they share most morphological characters, i.e. shape of chelal hand, dentition of fixed and movable chelal fingers, shape of marginal lamina of movable chelal finger, posterior margin of carapace with 4 macrosetae, movable cheliceral finger with isolated subapical tooth (di) and without—or with reduced—spinneret in males. The dimensions and ratios are also similar or identical, as emphasized by Callaini (1989) when comparing {{Taxon name|Chthonius aegatensis|''C. aegatensis''}} and {{Taxon name|Chthonius berninii|''C. berninii''}}.
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Callaini (1983 b, p. 416, fig. IIId) described the unusual shape of genital opening in males of {{Taxon name|Chthonius bauneensis|''C. bauneensis''}} (with narrow notch flanked by 5–7 irregularly scattered setae), and in the subsequent description of {{Taxon name|Chthonius aegatensis|''C. aegatensis''}} he noted the same structure was present in males of this species (Callaini 1989, p. 139, fig. 1 C).
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Measurements (in mm). Body length 1.2–1.9 (3), 1.3–2.2 (Ƥ). Carapace 0.35–0.49 × 0.34–0.47 (0.29–0.45 anteriorly) (3), 0.37–0.58 × 0.37–0.58 (0.33–0.55 anteriorly) (Ƥ). Chelicerae 0.285–0.40 × 0.13–0.19 (3), 0.31– 0.50 × 0.155–0.24 (Ƥ), movable finger length 0.14–0.20 (3), 0.17–0.25 (Ƥ). Pedipalp: femur 0.45–0.77 × 0.08– 0.115 (3), 0.50–0.89 × 0.09–0.14 (Ƥ); chela 0.63–1.03 × 0.115–0.16 (3), 0.69–1.22 × 0.15–0.26 (Ƥ); hand length 0.285–0.435 (3), 0.325–0.55 (Ƥ); movable finger length 0.35–0.56 (3), 0.37–0.62 (Ƥ).
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Examination of the material listed above, including [[paratype|paratypes]] of both sexes of {{Taxon name|Chthonius berninii|''C. berninii''}}, {{Taxon name|Chthonius bauneensis|''C. bauneensis''}} and {{Taxon name|Chthonius aegatensis|''C. aegatensis''}}, shows that above-mentioned characters are really shared, as could be supposed by comparing the original descriptions. Callaini (1989, p. 139) described the movable chelal finger of {{Taxon name|Chthonius aegatensis|''C. aegatensis''}} as lacking a marginal lamina and this was the only character used to distinguish {{Taxon name|Chthonius aegatensis|''C. aegatensis''}} from {{Taxon name|Chthonius bauneensis|''C. bauneensis''}}. However, a marginal lamina is evident in his figures (1 E, F, page 141) and it is present in both the examined [[paratype|paratypes]] of {{Taxon name|Chthonius aegatensis|''C. aegatensis''}}. Callaini (1989, p. 142) stated that {{Taxon name|Chthonius aegatensis|''C. aegatensis''}} and {{Taxon name|Chthonius berninii|''C. berninii''}} show identity in morphological shape, measurements and ratios of pedipalps, but can be easily distinguished by the shape of genital opening in males (with narrow notch in {{Taxon name|Chthonius aegatensis|''C. aegatensis''}}, triangular and with broad notch in {{Taxon name|Chthonius berninii|''C. berninii''}}). The Sardinian males examined here show a genital opening of variable width, mostly with straight-sided, more or less broad notch (e.g. 3 from Sarroch, 29.X. 1986; Narcao, 1.IV. 1997; Lanusei, 19.VI. 1985). In the absence of any reliable differences, following synonymies are proposed: {{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} (E.) {{Taxon name|Chthonius bauneensis|''bauneensis''}} Callaini, 1983 and C. (E.) {{Taxon name|Chthonius aegatensis|''aegatensis''}} Callaini, 1989 are junior subjective synonyms of {{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} (E.) {{Taxon name|Chthonius berninii|''berninii''}} Callaini, 1983 (n. syn.).
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Description of tritonymph. Integument with weak pigmentation, granulation less hispid than adults. Carapace 1.0 times longer than broad, without epistome; four developed eyes as in adults; chaetotaxy m 4m: 6: 4: 2: 2 (18), length of anteromedian macrosetae 0.06–0.075 mm. Chaetotaxy of tergites as in adults. Chaetotaxy of sternites II– X 5:(2) 8 (2):(1) 6–7 (1): 7: 6: 6: 6: 6: 7. Chelicerae 2.0– 2.1 times as long as broad, palm with 5 setae and 1 or 2 lateral microsetae; fixed finger with 6 teeth, movable finger with 3–4 teeth, without isolated subapical tooth (di); gl ratio 0.57–0.58. Coxal setae: pedipalp 5 (including 2 on manducatory process), I 3 + 2 marginal microsetae, II 4, III 5, IV 5; coxa II with 6–11 coxal spines, coxa III with 3–4 coxal spines; intercoxal tubercle bisetose. Pedipalp: femur 4.4–5.4 times as long as broad; chela 4.8–5.4 times as long as deep; hand of chela 2.2–2.4 times as long as deep; fixed finger with 10 teeth similar to those of adult; tip of fixed finger with a modified accessory tooth (td) on antiaxial face; distal half of movable finger with 6–7 teeth; proximal half of movable finger with straight, thick marginal lamina; coupled sensilla pc distad of b; ratio of movable finger/hand of chela 1.2; ratio of pedipalpal femur/movable finger 1.2–1.3; ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.0– 1.2.
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Among the species of the {{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}} group, {{Taxon name|Chthonius berninii|''C. berninii''}} is closely related to the hypogean {{Taxon name|Chthonius cassolai|''C. cassolai''}} from Sardinia because of the number of macrosetae on the posterior margin of carapace, the shape of chelal hand and marginal lamina. For comparisons between {{Taxon name|Chthonius berninii|''C. berninii''}} and {{Taxon name|Chthonius cassolai|''C. cassolai''}} see Remarks under the latter species.}}
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Measurements (in mm). Body length 0.86–1.20. Carapace 0.30–0.38 × 0.30–0.37 (0.26–0.33 anteriorly). Chelicerae 0.23–0.285 × 0.11–0.14, movable finger length 0.115–0.14. Pedipalp: femur 0.31–0.455 × 0.07–0.09; chela 0.48–0.64 × 0.10–0.13; hand length 0.22–0.29; movable finger length 0.26–0.35.}}
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{{Section|class=discussion|heading = Discussion|content=Remarks. Among the species of the {{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''Chthonius fuscimanus''}} group, {{Taxon name|Chthonius boldorii|''C. boldorii''}} is related to the epigean {{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}}, from which it chiefly differs by the absence of an isolated subapical tooth (di) on the movable cheliceral finger. Muster et al. (2004) thoroughly discuss taxonomic, biogeographical and evolutionary features of {{Taxon name|Chthonius boldorii|''C. boldorii''}} and {{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}}, concluding that the sole objective meristic character to distinguish them is the respectively absence or presence of di and that their distributions are largely allopatric in central Europe, with a more complicated situation in the southern margins of the Alps.
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Italian populations of {{Taxon name|Chthonius boldorii|''C. boldorii''}} show morphological features according to those described by Mahnert (1981), DeVore-Scribante (1999) and Muster et al. (2004), and dimensional ranges overlap the measurements and ratios reported by the previous authors. I also attribute to {{Taxon name|Chthonius boldorii|''C. boldorii''}} the disjunct eastern populations of Friuli (fig. 290), although they are smaller in comparison with specimens from Veneto and Lombardy: length of pedipalpal femur 0.41–0.45 (3) 0.43–0.50 (Ƥ) mm, length of chela 0.57–0.63 (3) 0.62–0.69 (Ƥ) mm; their features and dimensions are very similar to those of {{Taxon name|Chthonius nanus|''C. nanus''}} and the sole objective character to distinguish them from this species is the absence of the isolated subapical tooth (di) on the cheliceral movable finger (present in {{Taxon name|Chthonius nanus|''C. nanus''}}).
 +
{{Taxon name|Chthonius boldorii|''C. boldorii''}} is distributed in [[Italy]] with continuity from Lugano pre-Alps westward to Dolomites and Venetian pre-Alps eastward, than in Carnic and Julian Alps and pre-Alps (fig. 284). Five syntopic occurrences of {{Taxon name|Chthonius boldorii|''C. boldorii''}} and {{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}} were detected in Friuli (Cervignano: Bosco Pradiziolo; Lusevera: Casere Tanatcason; Moggio Udinese: Rio Lavarie; Trasaghis; Venzone: Pioverno).
 +
Many Italian records of {{Taxon name|Chthonius boldorii|''C. boldorii''}} reported by Gardini (2000) have yet to be verified. The species is newly recorded for [[Slovenia]].}}
  
 
==Taxon Treatment==
 
==Taxon Treatment==
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*{{aut|Gardini, Giulio}}; 2013: A revision of the species of the pseudoscorpion subgenus Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from Italy and neighbouring areas, Zootaxa '''3655''': 16-20. {{doi|TODO}}
+
*{{aut|Gardini, Giulio}}; 2013: A revision of the species of the pseudoscorpion subgenus Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from Italy and neighbouring areas, Zootaxa '''3655''': 20-26. {{doi|TODO}}
  
 
[[Category:Work Pending at Plazi]]
 
[[Category:Work Pending at Plazi]]
  
−
{{Provided by Plazi | id = 03DE87C1FFE4F9706B99F9331D02A404}}
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{{Provided by Plazi | id = 03DE87C1FFF8F97A6B99FB4119C0A67F}}

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Gardini, Giulio (2013) A revision of the species of the pseudoscorpion subgenus Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from Italy and neighbouring areas. Zootaxa 3655 : 20 – 26, doi. Versioned wiki page: 2017-06-13, version 143954, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Chthonius_(Gardini,_Giulio_2013)&oldid=143954 , contributors (alphabetical order): PlaziBot.

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@article{Gardini2013Zootaxa3655,
author = {Gardini, Giulio},
journal = {Zootaxa},
title = {A revision of the species of the pseudoscorpion subgenus Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from Italy and neighbouring areas},
year = {2013},
volume = {3655},
issue = {},
pages = {20 -- 26},
doi = {TODO},
url = {},
note = {Versioned wiki page: 2017-06-13, version 143954, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Chthonius_(Gardini,_Giulio_2013)&oldid=143954 , contributors (alphabetical order): PlaziBot.}

}

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TY - JOUR
T1 - A revision of the species of the pseudoscorpion subgenus Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from Italy and neighbouring areas
A1 - Gardini, Giulio
Y1 - 2013
JF - Zootaxa
JA -
VL - 3655
IS -
UR - http://dx.doi.org/TODO
SP - 20
EP - 26
PB -
M1 - Versioned wiki page: 2017-06-13, version 143954, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Chthonius_(Gardini,_Giulio_2013)&oldid=143954 , contributors (alphabetical order): PlaziBot.

M3 - doi:TODO

Wikipedia/ Citizendium:

<ref name="Gardini2013Zootaxa3655">{{Citation
| author = Gardini, Giulio
| title = A revision of the species of the pseudoscorpion subgenus Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from Italy and neighbouring areas
| journal = Zootaxa
| year = 2013
| volume = 3655
| issue =
| pages = 20 -- 26
| pmid =
| publisher =
| doi = TODO
| url =
| pmc =
| accessdate = 2024-12-13

}} Versioned wiki page: 2017-06-13, version 143954, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Chthonius_(Gardini,_Giulio_2013)&oldid=143954 , contributors (alphabetical order): PlaziBot.</ref>


Taxonavigation

Ordo: Pseudoscorpiones
Familia: Chthoniidae
Genus: Chthonius
Species: Chthonius austriacus

Name

Chthonius austriacus boldorii Beier 1934: 56 – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile

Description

Chthonius (E.) austriacus austriacus (not Beier, 1931): Lazzeroni 1969 b: 396 (misidentification, in part). Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) boldorii: Mahnert 1981: 95, figs 2–3; DeVore-Scribante 1999: 17, 135, 224, 264, figs 11 a–g; Muster et al., 2004: 300, figs 2, 4, 6, 13– 18. Chthonius (E.) austriacus (not Beier, 1931): Gardini 1991: 177 (misidentification). C. (E.) fuscimanus (not Simon, 1900): Gardini 2004: 129 (misidentification).

Materials Examined

Type locality: Italy, Lombardy, Brescia Prov., Prevalle, Il Baratro di Monte Budellone 134 Lo/BS (45 ° 33 ʹ 52 ʺN 10 ° 25 ʹ 26 ʺE).

Distribution

Distribution.Slovenia, Croatia, Austria, Germany, Switzerland, NE Italy.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis (Ƥ). An eyed epigean Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) from Northeastern Alps that differs from other species of the C. fuscimanus group in the following combination of characters: movable cheliceral finger without isolated subapical tooth (di); fixed finger, at level of est-it with 3–4 teeth occupying 0.1 mm (distance between successive apices 0.032–0.035 mm); length of chela 0.63–1.03 (3), 0.69–1.22 (Ƥ) mm, length of movable chelal finger 0.35–0.56 (3), 0.37–0.62 (Ƥ) mm.

Materials Examined

Material examined.SLOVENIA —1 Ƥ, Ravne na Koroškem, cave Jama pri Votli peči n. 3263, 10.VII. 1977, Kuštor & T. Novak leg. SWITZERLAND —Grisons—1 Ƥ 1 T 1 D, Poschiavo, San Carlo, 1100 m a.s.l., 4.VIII. 1981, C. Torti leg., Fagus sylvatica wood; 3 3 1 Ƥ, near Poschiavo, 1100 m a.s.l., 20.VII. 1980, C. Torti leg., mixed wood. Tessin—4 3 1 Ƥ 7 T 3 D, Curio, Pura, 2.X. 1985, G. Cotti leg., Fagus sylvatica wood; 2 3 1 Ƥ 3 T 3 D, Val Ruina, 26.VII. 1985, G. Cotti leg., Ostrya carpinifolia wood; 1 Ƥ, Gole below Beredino, 11.VI. 1986, G. Cotti leg.; 1 3 1 Ƥ, Gole della Breggia, 19.X. 1985, leg.?; 4 Ƥ 1 T 1 D, id., 5.XI. 1985, A. Fossati leg., cestnut wood and along the river; 7 3 12 Ƥ 4 T, Monte Generoso, Cribbietta, 350 m a.s.l., 6.V. 1987, leg.?, Ulmus; 3 3 2 Ƥ, id., Val Corta, 860 m a.s.l., 6.V. 1987, leg.?, Corylus, Acer and Tilia; 1 Ƥ, id., Grumo, 700 m a.s.l., 7.VII. 1987, leg.?, mixed wood; 3 3 4 Ƥ 1 T, id., Castellaccio, Val Molino, 420 m a.s.l., 14.V. 1987, leg.?, mixed elm wood; 1 3, id., Bosco del Trave, 980 m a.s.l., 6.VII. 1987, leg.?, mixed wood; 3 3 1 T, Madonna di Valmara, 860 m a.s.l., 5.V. 1987, leg.?, Fagus.


ITALY— Friuli: Udine Prov.—3 3 1 Ƥ 1 T, Cervignano, Bosco Pradiziolo, 9.I. 1982, M. Seriani leg., mixed oak wood; 1 3 5 Ƥ, id., 16.I. 1983, oak wood (together with 4 3 2 Ƥ of C. fuscimanus); 1 3 1 Ƥ, id., 4.III. 1983 (together with 4 3 5 Ƥ 1 T of C. fuscimanus); 1 3, Cormons, Colle di Medea, Grotta II di Borgnano n.c., 11.V. 2002, F. Stoch & G. Tomasin leg.; 2 3 5 Ƥ, Losaz, south slope of Monte Matajur, 13.VI. 1993, S. Zoia leg.; 4 3 1 Ƥ, Lusevera, near Casere Tanatcason, 740 m a.s.l., 6.VII– 4.IX. 2006, G. Colombetta & L. Dorigo leg., scree slope (MFNB); 2 3, id., 6.VIII– 4.IX. 2006, G. Colombetta leg., pitfall traps in stable scree slope (together with a Ƥ of C. fuscimanus); 1 Ƥ, id., 7.XI. 2006 – 15.V. 2007, G. Colombetta & L. Dorigo leg., stable scree slope (MFNB); 4 3 1 Ƥ 1 T, id., 15.V– 21.VI. 2007, L. Dorigo leg., pitfall traps in stable scree slope; 1 3, id., 12.VII– 29.VIII. 2007, stable scree slope (MFNB); 1 Ƥ, id., 4.IX– 5.X. 2007, G. Colombetta leg., stable scree slope (MFNB); 1 Ƥ, id., 21.VI– 12.VII. 2007, stable scree slope (MFNB); 2 3 1 Ƥ, Moggio Udinese, Stavoli Tugliezzo, Rio Lavarie, 470 m a.s.l., 26.IX– 30.X. 2001, G. Governatori & A. Dall’Asta leg., Fagus sylvatica wood (together with 6 3 7 Ƥ 10 T 22 D of C. fuscimanus) (MFNB); 1 3 1 Ƥ, north of Savogna, 250 m a.s.l., 26.VI. 1994, S. Zoia leg., Fagus sylvatica wood; 1 3 2 Ƥ, Trasaghis, 250 m a.s.l., 5.V. 1992, F. Gasparo leg. (together with a 3 of C. fuscimanus); 1 3 2 Ƥ, Venzone, Pioverno, 250 m a.s.l., 11.II– 14.VII. 1992, F. Gasparo leg., pitfall traps in Ostrya carpinifolia wood (together with 14 3 15 Ƥ 2 T of C. fuscimanus). Veneto: Verona Prov.—1 3 1 Ƥ (C. austriacus, G. Lazzeroni det.), Albisano, 4.VI. 1968, G. Lazzeroni, R. Gioco & A. Montolli leg. (MSNV); 1 Ƥ, Badia Calavena, near Grotta Damati, 11.VII. 2002, D. Avesani & L. Latella leg.; 1 Ƥ, id., 20.VII. 2002, D. Avesani & M. Rampini leg.; 2 3 4 Ƥ, id., 31.VII. 2002, D. Avesani leg.; 1 Ƥ (C. austriacus, G. Lazzeroni det.), Boscochiesanuova, Vajo dell’Anguilla, 2.V. 1968, G. Lazzeroni, G. Osella & A. Montolli leg. (MSNV); 3 3 2 Ƥ (C. austriacus, G. Lazzeroni det.), Cerro Veronese, Vajo di Squaranto, 9.V. 1968, G. Lazzeroni leg. (MSNV); 1 Ƥ (C. austriacus, G. Lazzeroni det.), id., Vajo di Squaranto near Cerro, 11.VII. 1968, G. Lazzeroni leg. (MSNV); 1 3 2 Ƥ (C. austriacus, G. Lazzeroni det.), Colognola ai Colli, 30.XI. 1967, G. Lazzeroni & G. Osella leg. (MSNV); 1 Ƥ, Marano di Valpolicella, west of Marezzane, 550 m a.s.l., 5.XI– 22.XII. 2006, A. & M. Zanetti leg., mixed wood; 1 Ƥ, id., 25.IV– 3.VI. 2007; 1 3 (C. fuscimanus, G. Gardini det.), Monte Baldo, near Pra Alpesina, 1300 m a.s.l. ca, 31.V. 1987, C. Torti leg.; 1 Ƥ, id., Eremo SS. Benigno e Caro, 800 m a.s.l., 2.III. 1997, A. Tagliapietra & A. Zanetti leg.; 1 Ƥ (C. fuscimanus, G. Gardini det. 2000), Dolcè, Monte Pastello, 21.V. 1999, C. Manfrin leg. (MSNV); 1 T (C. fuscimanus, G. Gardini det. 2000), id., 22.VI. 1999 (MSNV); 2 3 (C. fuscimanus, G. Gardini det. 2000), id., 22.VII. 1999 (MSNV); 1 Ƥ (C. fuscimanus, G. Gardini det. 2000), id., 20.VIII. 1999 (MSNV); 1 Ƥ (C. austriacus, G. Lazzeroni det.), Erbezzo, VI. 1968, G. Lazzeroni leg. (MSNV); 2 Ƥ, id., Ponte dell’Anguillara, valletta delle Rane, 1050 m a.s.l., 3.X. 2010, D. Bianco & E. Piva leg. (EPV); 1 Ƥ (C. fuscimanus, G. Gardini det. 2000), Fumane, Molane, Monte Pastello, 22.VI. 1999, C. Manfrin leg. (MSNV); 1 Ƥ (C. fuscimanus, G. Gardini det. 2000), id., 22.VII. 1999 (MSNV); 1 3 1 Ƥ 1 T (C. fuscimanus, G. Gardini det. 2000), id., 20.VIII. 1999 (MSNV); 1 Ƥ 1 T (C. fuscimanus, G. Gardini det. 2000), id., 1.X. 1999 (MSNV); 2 3, Garda, Sengie, 23.II. 1983, M. Rizzotti Vlach leg. (MSNV); 9 3 1 Ƥ (C. austriacus, G. Lazzeroni det.), between Giazza and Revolto, 10.VII. 1968, G. Lazzeroni & A. Montolli leg. (MSNV); 1 3 (C. austriacus, G. Lazzeroni det.), summit of Monte Pastello, 1127 m a.s.l., 28.V. 1968, G. Lazzeroni, R. Gioco & A. Montolli leg. (MSNV); 2 Ƥ (C. fuscimanus, G. Gardini det. 2000), id., 1120 m a.s.l., 24.IX. 1999, A. Zanetti leg., under Fagus; 1 Ƥ (C. austriacus, G. Lazzeroni det.), Montecchio, 2.V. 1968, G. Lazzeroni & G. Osella leg. (MSNV); 3 3 4 Ƥ (C. austriacus, G. Lazzeroni det.), id., 29.IX. 1968, G. Osella leg. (MSNV); 1 Ƥ (C. austriacus, G. Lazzeroni det.), between Montecchio and Grezzana, Case Vecie, 6.XII. 1967, G. Lazzeroni leg. (MSNV); 1 3 1 Ƥ (C. austriacus, M. Beier det.), between Montorio and Castagnè, hills, 19.III. 1969, A. Zanetti leg. (MSNV); 1 3 2 Ƥ (C. austriacus, G. Lazzeroni det.), Musella, 26.IV. 1968, G. Lazzeroni leg. (MSNV); 1 Ƥ (C. austriacus, M. Beier det.), Prun, 15.IX. 1969, A. Zanetti leg. (MSNV); 1 Ƥ, between Rivoli and Caprino, Morena, 22.III. 1975, G. Osella & Laudanna leg. (MSNV); 3 3 1 Ƥ (C. austriacus, G. Lazzeroni det.), Sega di Ala, 20.VI. 1968, G. Lazzeroni leg. (MSNV); 1 T (C. (E.) sp., G. Lazzeroni det.), id., 20.VI. 1968 (MSNV); 4 3 2 Ƥ, Trezzolano, 15.I. 1977, Guglielmi leg. (MSNV); 1 3 1 Ƥ, id., II. 1978, Guglielmi leg. (MSNV); 1 3 2 Ƥ 1 T (C. austriacus, G. Lazzeroni det.), Verona, Vajo del Paradiso, 27.III. 1968, G. Lazzeroni leg. (MSNV); 2 3 2 Ƥ (C. austriacus, G. Lazzeroni det.), id., north slope of Vajo del Paradiso, 27.III. 1968, G. Osella leg. (MSNV); 2 3 4 Ƥ 2 T, id., Vajo del Paradiso, 27.II. 1973, leg.?. Veneto: Vicenza Prov. — 1 Ƥ (C. austriacus, G. Gardini det. 1986), Cornedo Vicentino, Grotta del Covoletto 39 V /VI, 28.V. 1982, E. Piva & I. Ferrari leg. (MSNV); 1 3 (C. austriacus, G. Gardini det. 1986), Longare, Covolo del Tesoro 166 V/VI, 1.X. 1985, S. Zoia & R. Sciaky leg.; 1 Ƥ (C. austriacus, M. Beier det.), Pederiva, 18.III. 1972, A. Zanetti leg. (MSNV); 1 3, Sossano, Madonna della Croce, 13.III. 1997, A. Zanetti leg., mixed wood. Trentino: Trento Prov.—1 3, Ala, Val Ronchi, 900 m a.s.l., 5.X. 1989, S. Zoia leg., Fagus sylvatica wood; 2 Ƥ (C. austriacus, M. Beier det.), near Riva del Garda, Monte San Pietro, 900 m a.s.l., 12.X. 1969, A. Zanetti leg. (MSNV); 2 3 2 Ƥ, Val di Genova, 1000 m a.s.l., 10.VIII. 1976, G. Raffone leg., sieved under beech. Lombardy: Bergamo Prov.—1 Ƥ 4 T 2 D, Brembilla, Catremerio, 1000 m a.s.l., 2.XI. 1991, G. Gardini leg., Fagus sylvatica wood; 1 3, Endine Gaiano, Perlisa, 550 m a.s.l., 19.VI– 8.VIII. 1996, P. Pantini & M. Valle leg., scree (MBCG); 4 3 6 Ƥ 5 T, Fonteno, 7.V. 1978, G. Parodi & S. Zoia leg.; 1 3, Gandellino, [no date], 800 m a.s.l., A. Focarile leg., Acer and Corylus; 2 Ƥ, Mezzoldo, south of Mezzoldo, 770 m a.s.l., 26.IX. 1996, S. Zoia leg.; 1 3, Monasterolo, Val Torrezzo Fonta, 600 m a.s.l., 6.VII.1995, 3.VIII. 1995, P. Pantini & M. Valle leg. (MBCG); 3 Ƥ, id., 20.IX– 26.X. 1995 (MBCG); 2 Ƥ, id., 2.IV– 9.V. 1996 (MBCG); 1 3 2 Ƥ, id., 9.V– 19.VI. 1996 (MBCG); 1 3 5 Ƥ 1 T, id., 19.VI– 8.VIII. 1996 (MBCG); 1 3 3 Ƥ 2 T 1 D, id., 8.VIII– 10.X. 1996 (MBCG); 1 Ƥ, Orezzo, Gazzaniga, Val Dé, 9.III. 2000, R. Monguzzi leg. (RMM); 1 3 2 Ƥ 2 T, Parzanica, Valle dei Foppi, 550 m a.s.l., 19.VI– 8.VIII. 1996, P. Pantini & M. Valle leg. (MBCG); 10 3 8 Ƥ 8 T 4 D, north of Piazzolo, 700 m a.s.l., 26.IX. 1996, S. Zoia leg.; 2 Ƥ, Sovere, Monte Sovere, 1250 m a.s.l., 20.IX– 15.XI. 1995, P. Pantini & M. Valle leg., prairie (MBCG); 1 Ƥ, id., 19.VI– 8.VIII. 1996 (MBCG); 1 Ƥ, id., 8.VIII– 10.X. 1996 (MBCG); 1 Ƥ 1 T, id., Valle Sandina, 500 m a.s.l., 20.IX– 26.X. 1995, P. Pantini & M. Valle leg. (MBCG); 1 3, id., 27.X. 1995 – 20.II. 1996 (MBCG); 1 3 1 Ƥ, id., 2.IV– 9.V. 1996 (MBCG); 2 3 5 Ƥ 2 T, id., 9.V– 19.VI. 1996 (MBCG); 2 3 5 Ƥ 1 D, id., 19.VI– 8.VIII. 1996 (MBCG); 2 3, id., 8.VIII– 10.X. 1996 (MBCG); 1 3 2 Ƥ, Vigolo, Ronchi della Bratta, 800m a.s.l., 2.IV– 9.V. 1996, P. Pantini & M. Valle leg., Norway spruce woods (MBCG); 1 3 1 Ƥ, id., 11.VIII– 19.IX. 1995 (MBCG); 2 3 1 Ƥ, id., 9.V– 19.VI. 1996 (MBCG); 1 Ƥ, id., 8.VIII– 10.X. 1996 (MBCG); 4 Ƥ, Taleggio, I Serrati, 500 m a.s.l., VIII. 1991, Bacchetta leg. Lombardy: Brescia Prov.—5 3 4 Ƥ 2 T 1 D, near Bovegno, 900 m a.s.l., 17.X. 1982, C. Giusto, C. Torti & S. Zoia leg., Fagus sylvatica wood; 1 3, Desenzano del Garda, Laghi Sovenigo, 2.XI. 1997, A. Tagliapietra & A. Zanetti leg., marsh; 14 3 13 Ƥ 8 T 6 D (C. fuscimanus, G. Gardini det.), near Incudine, upper Val Camonica, 5.IX. 1993, S. Zoia leg., sieved under Corylus; 1 Ƥ, Lumezzane, Val Porcino, 24.X. 1987, M. Grottolo leg.; 1 3 2 Ƥ, near Polaveno, 9.VII. 1979, S. Zoia leg.; 1 Ƥ, Tremosine, 2.II. 1997, A. Zanetti leg.; 2 T 3 D, Vobarno, Nalmase, 30.VI. 1991, M. Bodon leg. Lombardy: Como Prov.—1 3 2 Ƥ, Cernobbio, Monte Bisbino, 1300 m a.s.l., 19.III. 2000, R. Monguzzi leg.; 1 3 5 T, Dasio, south slope of Cima della Noga, 1100 m a.s.l., 15.X. 1994, S. Zoia leg., hazel-wood; 1 Ƥ, Varenna, 4.VII. 1978, S. Vit leg., gravier/racines (MHNG). Lombardy: Lecco Prov.—3 3 10 Ƥ 9 T 2 D, southwestern near Ballabio, 550 m a.s.l., 29.I. 1994, S. Zoia leg.; 1 3 2 Ƥ 1 T, Lecco, Monte Barro, 800 m a.s.l., 24.XI. 1990, S. Zoia leg.; 1 Ƥ, id., Grigna meridionale, Piani Resinelli, Miniera del Coltignone, 1200 m a.s.l., 4.IV. 1996, R. Monguzzi leg. (RMM); 1 Ƥ, id., southwestern slope of Grigna settentrionale, 1100 m a.s.l. ca, 19.IV. 1997, S. Zoia leg., basis of Fagus and Ilex; 2 3, Paderno d’Adda, cañon Fiume Adda, 200 m a.s.l., 1.V. 2010, S. Zoia leg.; 1 Ƥ, north of Valmadrera, 500 m a.s.l., 6.II. 2011, S. Zoia leg. Lombardy: Mantova Prov.—1 Ƥ (C. austriacus, G. Lazzeroni det.), Solferino, 31.III. 1968, G. Osella leg. (MSNV). Lombardy: Varese Prov.—2 3 2 Ƥ, Campo dei Fiori, 1100 m a.s.l., 1.XI. 1983, S. Zoia & R. Sciaky leg., Fagus sylvatica wood on limestone.

Description

Description of adults (Ƥ). Integument pigmented, carapace, tergites, chelicerae and pedipalps brown; pedipalpal hand mostly of the same colour of fingers, sometimes darker; lateral surface of carapace and cheliceral palm with strong hispid granulation. Carapace 0.9 –1.0 times longer than broad, subquadrate; anterior margin (figs 28–29) dentate between median macrosetae, sometimes weakly prominent but without epistome; ocular area as in fig. 30; four well-developed eyes, the anterior ones with convex lens (diameter 0.034–0.054 mm) and tapetum, posterior eyes with more or less flat lens with tapetum, or reduced to ocular spot without tapetum; distance from anterior eyes to anterior margin of carapace 0.034–0.054 mm; chaetotaxy mm 4mm: 6: 4: 2: 2 (18), rarely 1 preocular microseta, macrosetae thick; length of anteromedian macrosetae 0.08–0.13 mm. Chaetotaxy of tergites I–X 4: 4: 4: 4: 6: 6: 6: 6: 6: 4. Chaetotaxy of sternites II–X 9:(3) 10 (3):(2) 8 (2): 8: 6: 6: 6: 6: 7; sternite II rarely with 7–8 setae, st. III with (3) 11 (3) setae, st. IV–V with (2) 7 (2): 9 setae; genital opening of males mostly flanked by 7 (rarely 5, 6 or 8) setae on each side. Chelicerae (figs 31–32) 2.0– 2.2 times as long as broad, palm with 6 setae and 2 microsetae laterally; fixed finger with 6–8 subequal teeth and 5–9 proximal microtubercles; movable finger with 4–6 teeth proximally reduced in size and 4–5 proximal tubercles; movable finger without isolated subapical tooth (di); gl ratio 0.55–0.62; spinneret large and prominent, apically rounded, slightly smaller in males; rallum with 11 blades; serrulae interior and exterior respectively with 12 and 14 blades. Coxal setae: pedipalp 5 (including 2 on manducatory process), I 3 + 3 marginal microsetae, II 4, III 5, IV 6; coxa II with 7–11 (rarely 16–19) coxal spines, coxa III with 3–6 coxal spines; intercoxal tubercle bisetose. Pedipalp (figs 33–35): femur 5.6–7.1 (3), 5.5–7.3 (Ƥ) times as long as broad, basally with hispid granulation; chela 5.3–6.4 (3), 4.3–5.1 (Ƥ) times as long as deep; hand of chela 2.2–2.7 (3), 2.0– 2.3 (Ƥ) times as long as deep, weakly depressed at level of ib-isb, without hump distad of ib-isb; fixed chelal finger mostly with 11–12 (rarely 10 or 16) large triangular teeth, with dental canals, slightly reclined, the first two proximal teeth mostly brought close together and prominent, the first one mostly apically rounded; base of fixed finger with a variable number of microtubercles; tip of fixed finger with a modified accessory tooth (td) on antiaxial face; fixed chelal finger at level of est-it with 3–4 teeth occupying 0.1 mm (distance between successive apices 0.032–0.035 mm); distal half of movable finger with 6 (rarely 5 or 7) upright, large, triangular teeth with dental canals; first proximal tooth of movable finger distad of the half of the finger (ratio 0.51–0.66); proximal half of movable finger with straight, thick marginal lamina; coupled sensilla pc mostly between b and sb; trichobothria as in figs 34–35, eb-esb-ist placed mostly in a straight line, or with ist a little distad of the line eb-esb; basal apodeme of movable finger strongly sclerotized, bent and apically truncated and crenellated; ratio of movable finger/hand of chela 1.2–1.5 (3), 1.1–1.3 (Ƥ); ratio of pedipalpal femur/movable finger 1.3 (3), 1.4 (Ƥ); ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.3–1.6 (3 Ƥ).

Measurements (in mm). Body length 1.2–1.9 (3), 1.3–2.2 (Ƥ). Carapace 0.35–0.49 × 0.34–0.47 (0.29–0.45 anteriorly) (3), 0.37–0.58 × 0.37–0.58 (0.33–0.55 anteriorly) (Ƥ). Chelicerae 0.285–0.40 × 0.13–0.19 (3), 0.31– 0.50 × 0.155–0.24 (Ƥ), movable finger length 0.14–0.20 (3), 0.17–0.25 (Ƥ). Pedipalp: femur 0.45–0.77 × 0.08– 0.115 (3), 0.50–0.89 × 0.09–0.14 (Ƥ); chela 0.63–1.03 × 0.115–0.16 (3), 0.69–1.22 × 0.15–0.26 (Ƥ); hand length 0.285–0.435 (3), 0.325–0.55 (Ƥ); movable finger length 0.35–0.56 (3), 0.37–0.62 (Ƥ). Description of tritonymph. Integument with weak pigmentation, granulation less hispid than adults. Carapace 1.0 times longer than broad, without epistome; four developed eyes as in adults; chaetotaxy m 4m: 6: 4: 2: 2 (18), length of anteromedian macrosetae 0.06–0.075 mm. Chaetotaxy of tergites as in adults. Chaetotaxy of sternites II– X 5:(2) 8 (2):(1) 6–7 (1): 7: 6: 6: 6: 6: 7. Chelicerae 2.0– 2.1 times as long as broad, palm with 5 setae and 1 or 2 lateral microsetae; fixed finger with 6 teeth, movable finger with 3–4 teeth, without isolated subapical tooth (di); gl ratio 0.57–0.58. Coxal setae: pedipalp 5 (including 2 on manducatory process), I 3 + 2 marginal microsetae, II 4, III 5, IV 5; coxa II with 6–11 coxal spines, coxa III with 3–4 coxal spines; intercoxal tubercle bisetose. Pedipalp: femur 4.4–5.4 times as long as broad; chela 4.8–5.4 times as long as deep; hand of chela 2.2–2.4 times as long as deep; fixed finger with 10 teeth similar to those of adult; tip of fixed finger with a modified accessory tooth (td) on antiaxial face; distal half of movable finger with 6–7 teeth; proximal half of movable finger with straight, thick marginal lamina; coupled sensilla pc distad of b; ratio of movable finger/hand of chela 1.2; ratio of pedipalpal femur/movable finger 1.2–1.3; ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.0– 1.2. Measurements (in mm). Body length 0.86–1.20. Carapace 0.30–0.38 × 0.30–0.37 (0.26–0.33 anteriorly). Chelicerae 0.23–0.285 × 0.11–0.14, movable finger length 0.115–0.14. Pedipalp: femur 0.31–0.455 × 0.07–0.09; chela 0.48–0.64 × 0.10–0.13; hand length 0.22–0.29; movable finger length 0.26–0.35.

Discussion

Remarks. Among the species of the Chthonius fuscimanus group, C. boldorii is related to the epigean C. fuscimanus, from which it chiefly differs by the absence of an isolated subapical tooth (di) on the movable cheliceral finger. Muster et al. (2004) thoroughly discuss taxonomic, biogeographical and evolutionary features of C. boldorii and C. fuscimanus, concluding that the sole objective meristic character to distinguish them is the respectively absence or presence of di and that their distributions are largely allopatric in central Europe, with a more complicated situation in the southern margins of the Alps. Italian populations of C. boldorii show morphological features according to those described by Mahnert (1981), DeVore-Scribante (1999) and Muster et al. (2004), and dimensional ranges overlap the measurements and ratios reported by the previous authors. I also attribute to C. boldorii the disjunct eastern populations of Friuli (fig. 290), although they are smaller in comparison with specimens from Veneto and Lombardy: length of pedipalpal femur 0.41–0.45 (3) 0.43–0.50 (Ƥ) mm, length of chela 0.57–0.63 (3) 0.62–0.69 (Ƥ) mm; their features and dimensions are very similar to those of C. nanus and the sole objective character to distinguish them from this species is the absence of the isolated subapical tooth (di) on the cheliceral movable finger (present in C. nanus). C. boldorii is distributed in Italy with continuity from Lugano pre-Alps westward to Dolomites and Venetian pre-Alps eastward, than in Carnic and Julian Alps and pre-Alps (fig. 284). Five syntopic occurrences of C. boldorii and C. fuscimanus were detected in Friuli (Cervignano: Bosco Pradiziolo; Lusevera: Casere Tanatcason; Moggio Udinese: Rio Lavarie; Trasaghis; Venzone: Pioverno). Many Italian records of C. boldorii reported by Gardini (2000) have yet to be verified. The species is newly recorded for Slovenia.

Taxon Treatment

  • Gardini, Giulio; 2013: A revision of the species of the pseudoscorpion subgenus Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from Italy and neighbouring areas, Zootaxa 3655: 20-26. doi
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