Difference between revisions of "Mycological teaching diagrams by Meike Piepenbring"

Revision as of 17:32, 29 January 2012

Introduction

These diagrams have been created for teaching of mycology and phytopathology. They are shared here in order to extend our knowledge on fungi, especially those living in the tropics.

Phylogeny of fungi (names in bold), simplified

Cellular structures of fungi and algae

Vegetative development starting from a hypha

Life cycle, generations and nuclear stages

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Types of fertilization

Different types of fertilization. Long, red arrows indicate direction of movement. Short red arrows indicate growth by which compatible cells get in contact with each other and fuse. Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Groups of Fungi

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Divisions of true fungi, Fungi, simplified

Life cycle with dikaryotic stage, Ascomycota Basidiomycota

Chitin, Fungi

Basidiomycota

Phylogeny of Basidiomycota

Developement of a clamp connection

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Types of basidia

Discharge of a ballistospore

Based on Money (1998), simplified.

Money, N.P. 1998. More g’s than the space shuttle: ballistospore discharge. Mycologia 90: 547-558.

Development starting from a basidiospore

Pores in septa of hyphae of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota

Life cycle of Basidiomycota, basidium

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Types of fruiting bodies, Basidiomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Concepts of Agaricales and Polyporales, Basidiomycota

Connections of a lamella to the stipe, Agaricales Basidiomycota

Hemiangiocarpic fruiting body of Amanita sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota

Modified after diagrams by Yang Zhu-Liang; with permission.

Life cycle of Agaricus sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Bromatium of leaf-cutting ants, asexual stage of Agaricales Basidiomycota

Escovopsis weberi, parasite of the fungus cultivated by leaf-cutting ants, conidiophore with conidia, asexual form of Hypocreales, Ascomycota

Termite nest, Termitomyces sp., Termitosphaera sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota

Diagram on the left hand side based on Heim (1977) and Buyck (1994).

Buyck, B. 1994. Ubwoba: les champignons comestibles de l'Ouest du Burundi. Publ. Agric. 34.

Heim, R. 1977. Termites et champignons. Les champignons termitophiles d´Afrique Noire et d´Asie méridionale. Société Nouvelle des Éditions Boubée, Paris.

Drawing on the right hand side based on a drawing by Roland Kirschner, used with permission.

Hyphae with conidia of Moniliophthora roreri, asexual stage of Agaricales Basidiomycota

Ectomycorrhizae in their habitat, Boletales Basidiomycota (left hand side) and Tuberales Ascomycota (right hand side)

In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke.

Ectomycorrhiza anatomy, Basidiomycota

In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke.

Monotropa uniflora, mycoheterotrophic (erroneously called saprotrophic) plant with its fungus in the habitat

In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke.

Types of hymenophores of Polyporales, Basidiomycota

Skeletal hyphae of Lentinus sp., Polyporales Basidiomycota

Hypha with conidia of Allescheriella crocea, asexual form of Basidiomycota

Types of fruiting bodies of gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota

Types of basidia of gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota

Fruiting bodies of Geastraceae, gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota

Fruiting bodies of Phallales, gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota

Classification of Auriculariales and Tremellales, Basidiomycota

Hymenium with basidium and basidiospores of Exidiopsis laccata, Auriculariales Basidiomycota

Phylogeny of smut fungi (black, bold) and closely related groups, Basidiomycota

Basidia of smut fungi, Basidiomycota

Homothallic basidia of smut fungi, Basidiomycota

Sori of smut fungi, Basidiomycota

Life cycle of Ustilago maydis on corn, Ustilaginales Basidiomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Life cycle of Tilletia ayresii on Panicum maximum, Tilletiales Basidiomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Teliospore ball of Narasimhania alismatis in a leaf of Sagittaria guyanensis, Doassansiales Basidiomycota

Teliospores, a basidium, and dikaryotic cells of Entyloma sp. in a leaf, Entylomatales Basidiomycota

Basidia of Exobasidium poasanum on Satyria warszewiczii, Exobasidiales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring, published in Nova Hedwigia) (diagram by M. Piepenbring)

Basidia of Exobasidium poasanum on Satyria warszewiczii, Exobasidiales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring, published in Nova Hedwigia)

Published in Nova Hedwigia by Piepenbring et al. 2010; reproduced and licensed with permission.

Piepenbring, M., J. Espinoza, L. Saldaña & O. Cáceres (2010) New records, host plants, morphological and molecular data of Exobasidiales (Basidiomycota) from Panama. Nova Hedwigia 91: 231-242.

Fruiting body with elaters and basidia of Graphiola spp., Exobasidiales Basidiomycota

Life cycle of Graphiola phoenicis, Exobasidiales Basidiomycota

Based on Cole (1983) and Oberwinkler et al. (1982).

Cole, G.T. 1983. Graphiola phoenicis: a taxonomic enigma. Mycologia 75: 93-116.

Oberwinkler, F., R.J. Bandoni, P. Blanz, G. Deml & L. Kisimova-Horovitz. 1982. Graphiolales: Basidiomycetes parasitic on palms. Pl. Syst. Evol. 140: 251-277.

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Basidia of Kordyana tradescantiae growing out of stomata, mature and young, Exobasidiales Basidiomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)

Basidia of Kordyana tradescantiae growing out of stomata, mature and young, Exobasidiales Basidiomycota

Published in Nova Hedwigia by Piepenbring et al. (2010); reproduced with permission.

Piepenbring, M., J. Espinoza, L. Saldaña & O. Cáceres (2010) New records, host plants, morphological and molecular data of Exobasidiales (Basidiomycota) from Panama. Nova Hedwigia 91: 231-242.

Teliospores of rust fungi, Pucciniales Basidiomycota

Column of germinating teliospores of Cionothrix praelonga, Pucciniales Basidiomycota

Life cycle of Puccinia graminis on a grass, Pucciniales Basidiomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Life cycle of Septobasidium sp. on scale insects on bark of a living tree, Septobasidiales Basidiomycota

Fruiting body with basidia of Atractiella delectans, Atractiellales Basidiomycota

Hypha with a conidiogenous cell and a conidium of Hobsonia mirabilis, asexual form of Atractiellales Basidiomycota

Ascomycota

Phylogeny, subphyla of Ascomycota

Life cycle of Ascomycota, ascus

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Morphological groups, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi

Types of conidia, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi

Types of conidiogenesis, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi

Conidia, Ingoldian Hyphomycetes, staurospores, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi

Phylogeny of Pezizomycotina

Fruiting bodies of Ascomycota

Stilboid fungus, Helotiales, Ascomycota

Types of asci, Ascomycota

Morphological groups, orders, Ascomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Ascospores, Ascomycota

Life cycle of Pezizales, Ascomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Fruiting bodies of Pezizales, Ascomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Arthrobotrys superba, asexual, nematode trapping, Orbiliales, Ascomycota (drawing by R. Kirschner)

Fruiting bodies, Cyttariales, Helotiales, Leotiales, Ascomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Fruiting bodies, Rhytismatales, Ascomycota

Life cycle of Rhytisma acerinum, Rhytismatales, Ascomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Hou Cheng-Lin; with permission.

Life cycle of Erysiphales, Ascomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Conidiophores of Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Eurotiales, Ascomycota

Life cycle of Neurospora sp., Sordariales, Ascomycota

Based on Webster & Weber (2007), simplified.

Webster, J. & R.W.S. Weber. 2007. Introduction to fungi. Cambridge University Press.

Classification of Hypocreales, Clavicipitales, Clavicipitaceae, Ascomycota

Fruiting bodies of Hypocreales (without Clavicipitaceae), Ascomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Life cycle of Hypocrea sp. with its asexual form Trichoderma sp., Hypocreales, Ascomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Fruiting bodies of Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota

Life cycle of Claviceps purpurea, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Fungi hyperparasitic on insects on plants, Hypocreales, Ascomycota

Fruiting bodies of Xylariales, Ascomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Fruiting bodies of Xylariales, Boliniales, Ascomycota

Fruiting bodies, ascospores, asexual forms, Xylariales, Ascomycota

Fruiting bodies of Meliolales, Ascomycota

Life cycle of Meliolales, Ascomycota

Based on Rodríguez Justavino (2006).

Rodríguez Justavino, D. 2006. Meliolaceae aus Panama. Ph.D. thesis, University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Fruiting bodies of Phyllachorales, Ascomycota

In collaboration with Tanja Trampe.

Life cycle of Phyllachorales, Ascomycota

Based on Trampe (2009).

Trampe, T. 2009. Neotropical tarspot fungi – exploration of Phyllachorales in Panama. Ph.D. thesis, University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Fruiting bodies of Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota

Types of hamathecia, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota

Based on Eriksson (1981).

Eriksson, O. 1981. The families of bitunicate ascomycetes. Opera Botanica 60: 1-209.

Asexual forms, Mycosphaerella, Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota

Life cycle of Mycosphaerella sp. with its asexual form Pseudocercospora sp., Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Fruiting body, ascus, ascospore, Myriangium sp., Myriangiales, Ascomycota

Asexual forms, Hyphomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota

Asexual forms, Coelomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota

Fruiting bodies, Asterinaceae, Microthyriales, Ascomycota

Based on Hofmann (2009).

Hofmann, T.A. 2009. Plant parasitic Asterinaceae and Microthyriaceae from the Neotropics (Panama). Ph.D. thesis, University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

Poliferation of ascogenous hypha, ascus, Ascomycota

Fruiting body, Antoniomyces loranthicola, Parmulariaceae, Ascomycota

Based on Inácio et al. (2012).

Inácio, C., K. Araúz & M. Piepenbring. 2012. A new genus of Parmulariaceae from Panama. Mycological Progress (published online 2011)

Life cycle of Laboulbenia sp., Laboulbeniales, Ascomycota

Based on Scheloske (1969).

Scheloske, H.-W. 1969. Beiträge zur Biologie, Ökologie und Systematik der Laboulbeniales (Ascomycetes). Parasitologische Schriftenreihe 19: 1-176.

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Systematic groups including yeasts (written in red), Ascomycota, Basidiomycota

Life cycles of yeasts, Saccharomycetales, Schizosaccharomycetales, Ascomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Life cycle of Taphrina deformans, Taphrinales, Ascomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Lichens

Organisms forming lichens, Lichenes (diagram by M. Piepenbring)

Organisms forming lichens, Lichenes

Combinations of the most important organisms forming lichens. The triangle indicates that certain ascolichens include green algae and cyanobacteria.

Interactions green alga (green), fungal hypha, lichen, Lichenes

Systematic position of lichenized Ascomycota (written in green), Lichenes

Phylogenetic position of lichenized species among Ascomycota (simplified). Names written in green indicate groups of lichens. Names written with green and black letters refer to groups which include lichenized and non-lichenized species.

Growth forms of lichens, Lichenes

Anatomy of the thallus, green alga, cyanobacterium, lichen, Lichenes

Anatomy of the thallus, details, lichens, Lichenes

Asci and ascospores of lichens, Lichenes

Glomeromycota

Chlamydospores and siphonal hyphae of a sporocarp, Glomeromycota

C 19a arbuscular mycorrhiza, Glomeromycota

In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke.

Zygomycota

Sporangiophores, sporangia, conidia, liberation of spores, Mucorales, Zygomycota

Zygospores, Mucorales, Zygomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Life cycle, Mucor sp., Mucorales, Zygomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Conidiogenous cells, conidia, Conidiobolus sp., Zygomycota

Chytridiomycota

Types of thalli, Chytridiomycota

Life cycle, Synchytrium endobioticum on potato, Chytridiomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Life cycle, asexual, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Chytridiomycota

Based on Longcore et al. (1999).

Longcore, J.E., A.P. Pessier & D.K. Nichols. 1999. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis gen. et sp. nov., a chytrid pathogenic to amphibians. Mycologia 91: 219-227.

Oomycetes

Phylogeny, simplified, Oomycota

Asexual structures, Saprolegniales, Oomycota

Based on Gäumann (1964).

Gäumann, E. 1964. Die Pilze, Grundzüge ihrer Entwicklungsgeschichte und Morphologie, 2nd edition. Birkhäuser, Basel, Stuttgart.

Life cycle, Saprolegnia sp., Saprolegniales, Oomycota

Sorus, sporangia, Albugo sp., Albuginales, Oomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)

Sorus, sporangia, Albugo sp., Albuginales, Oomycota

Main drawing based on a drawing by Alexandra Riethmüller.

Sporangiophores, Phytophthora, Pseudoperonospora, Peronosporales, Oomycota

Asexual structures, Saprolegniales, Albuginales, Peronosporales, Oomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Life cycle, Phytophthora infestans on potato, Peronosporales, Oomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Protistean fungi

Phylogeny, protistean fungi, slime molds, Myxomycota and other groups

Groups of mucilaginous fungi classified among protists. For orders, only the mycological names are cited. For classes and divisions, zoological names are cited first, and mycological names are added in quotation marks.

Morphological concepts, orders of Myxomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Life cycle, Stemonitis sp., Stemonitales, Myxomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Life cycle, asexual, Dictyostelium sp., Dictyosteliales, Myxomycota

Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Life cycle, sexual, Dictyostelium sp., Dictyosteliales, Myxomycota

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

Life cycle, Plasmodiophora brassicae in cabbage, Plasmodiophoromycetes

Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis

Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.

These diagrams are also available in Spanish.

Difference between revisions of "Mycological teaching diagrams by Meike Piepenbring"

Revision as of 17:32, 29 January 2012

Contents

Introduction

Basidiomycota

Ascomycota

Lichens

Glomeromycota

Zygomycota

Chytridiomycota

Oomycetes

Protistean fungi

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@@ Line 356: / Line 356: @@
 [[File:04 01 01 phylogeny subphyla of Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Phylogeny subphyla of Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
-Phylogeny subphyla of Ascomycota
+Phylogeny, subphyla of Ascomycota
 [[File:04 01 02 life cycle Ascomycota, ascus (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle Ascomycota, ascus (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
-Life cycle Ascomycota, ascus
+Life cycle of Ascomycota, ascus
 Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
@@ Line 390: / Line 390: @@
 [[File:04 03 01 phylogeny, Pezizomycotina (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Phylogeny, Pezizomycotina (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
-Phylogeny, Pezizomycotina
+Phylogeny of Pezizomycotina
 [[File:04 03 02 fruiting bodies, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
-Fruiting bodies, Ascomycota
+Fruiting bodies of Ascomycota
@@ Line 422: / Line 422: @@
 [[File:04 03 07 life cycle, Pezizales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Pezizales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
-Life cycle, Pezizales, Ascomycota
+Life cycle of Pezizales, Ascomycota
 Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
@@ Line 431: / Line 431: @@
 [[File:04 03 09 fruiting bodies, Pezizales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Pezizales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
-Fruiting bodies, Pezizales, Ascomycota
+Fruiting bodies of Pezizales, Ascomycota
 Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
-[[File:04 03 10 Arthrobotrys superba, asexual, captura nematodos, Orbiliales, Ascomycota (R. Kirschner).png|none|600px|Arthrobotrys superba, asexual, captura nematodos, Orbiliales, Ascomycota (R. Kirschner) (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
-Arthrobotrys superba, asexual, captura nematodos, Orbiliales, Ascomycota (R. Kirschner)
 [[File:04 03 10 Arthrobotrys superba, asexual, nematode trapping, Orbiliales, Ascomycota (R. Kirschner).png|none|600px|Arthrobotrys superba, asexual, nematode trapping, Orbiliales, Ascomycota (R. Kirschner) (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
-Arthrobotrys superba, asexual, nematode trapping, Orbiliales, Ascomycota (R. Kirschner)
+''Arthrobotrys superba'', asexual, nematode trapping, Orbiliales, Ascomycota (drawing by R. Kirschner)
@@ Line 460: / Line 455: @@
 [[File:04 03 16 life cycle, Rhytisma acerinum, Rhytismatales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Rhytisma acerinum, Rhytismatales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
-Life cycle, Rhytisma acerinum, Rhytismatales, Ascomycota
+Life cycle of ''Rhytisma acerinum'', Rhytismatales, Ascomycota
 Modified after unpublished diagrams by Hou Cheng-Lin; with permission.
@@ Line 467: / Line 462: @@
 [[File:04 03 19 life cycle, Erysiphales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Erysiphales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
-Life cycle, Erysiphales, Ascomycota
+Life cycle of Erysiphales, Ascomycota
 Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
@@ Line 476: / Line 471: @@
 [[File:04 03 21 conidiophores, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Eurotiales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Conidiophores, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Eurotiales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
-Conidiophores, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Eurotiales, Ascomycota
+Conidiophores of ''Aspergillus'' sp., ''Penicillium'' sp., Eurotiales, Ascomycota
 [[File:04 03 24 life cycle, Neurospora sp., Sordariales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Neurospora sp., Sordariales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
-Life cycle, Neurospora sp., Sordariales, Ascomycota
+Life cycle of ''Neurospora'' sp., Sordariales, Ascomycota
 Based on Webster & Weber (2007), simplified.
@@ Line 490: / Line 485: @@
 [[File:04 03 25 classification Hypocreales, Clavicipitales, Clavicipitaceae, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Classification Hypocreales, Clavicipitales, Clavicipitaceae, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
-Classification Hypocreales, Clavicipitales, Clavicipitaceae, Ascomycota
+Classification of Hypocreales, Clavicipitales, Clavicipitaceae, Ascomycota
 [[File:04 03 27 fruiting bodies, Hypocreales (without Clavicipitaceae), Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Hypocreales (without Clavicipitaceae), Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
-Fruiting bodies, Hypocreales (without Clavicipitaceae), Ascomycota
+Fruiting bodies of Hypocreales (without Clavicipitaceae), Ascomycota
 Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
@@ Line 502: / Line 497: @@
 [[File:04 03 29 life cycle, Hypocrea sp., Hypocreales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Hypocrea sp., Hypocreales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
-Life cycle, Hypocrea sp., Hypocreales, Ascomycota
+Life cycle of ''Hypocrea'' sp. with its asexual form ''Trichoderma'' sp., Hypocreales, Ascomycota
 Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
@@ Line 511: / Line 506: @@
 [[File:04 03 31 fruiting bodies, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
-Fruiting bodies, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota
+Fruiting bodies of Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota
 [[File:04 03 32 life cycle, Claviceps purpurea, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Claviceps purpurea, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
-Life cycle, Claviceps purpurea, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota
+Life cycle of ''Claviceps purpurea'', Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota
 Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
@@ Line 525: / Line 520: @@
 [[File:04 03 33 c 16b fungi hyperparasitic on insects on plants, Hypocreales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 16b fungi hyperparasitic on insects on plants, Hypocreales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
-C 16b fungi hyperparasitic on insects on plants, Hypocreales, Ascomycota
+Fungi hyperparasitic on insects on plants, Hypocreales, Ascomycota
 [[File:04 03 35 fruiting bodies, Xylariales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Xylariales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
-Fruiting bodies, Xylariales, Ascomycota
+Fruiting bodies of Xylariales, Ascomycota
 Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
@@ Line 537: / Line 532: @@
 [[File:04 03 36 fruiting bodies, Xylariales, Boliniales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Xylariales, Boliniales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
-Fruiting bodies, Xylariales, Boliniales, Ascomycota
+Fruiting bodies of Xylariales, Boliniales, Ascomycota
@@ Line 547: / Line 542: @@
 [[File:04 03 39 fruiting bodies, Meliolales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Meliolales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
-Fruiting bodies, Meliolales, Ascomycota
+Fruiting bodies of Meliolales, Ascomycota
 [[File:04 03 40 life cycle, Meliolales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Meliolales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
-Life cycle, Meliolales, Ascomycota
+Life cycle of Meliolales, Ascomycota
 Based on Rodríguez Justavino (2006).
@@ Line 565: / Line 560: @@
 [[File:04 03 42 fruiting bodies, Phyllachorales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Phyllachorales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
-Fruiting bodies, Phyllachorales, Ascomycota
+Fruiting bodies of Phyllachorales, Ascomycota
 In collaboration with Tanja Trampe.
@@ Line 572: / Line 567: @@
 [[File:04 03 43 life cycle, Phyllachorales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Phyllachorales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
-Life cycle, Phyllachorales, Ascomycota
+Life cycle of Phyllachorales, Ascomycota
 Based on Trampe (2009).
@@ Line 585: / Line 580: @@
 [[File:04 03 45 fruiting bodies, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting bodies, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
-Fruiting bodies, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota
+Fruiting bodies of Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota
@@ Line 599: / Line 594: @@
 [[File:04 03 48 asexual forms, Mycosphaerella, Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Asexual forms, Mycosphaerella, Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
-Asexual forms, Mycosphaerella, Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota
+Asexual forms, ''Mycosphaerella'', Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota
 [[File:04 03 49 life cycle, Mycosphaerella, Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Mycosphaerella, Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
-Life cycle, Mycosphaerella, Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota
+Life cycle of ''Mycosphaerella'' sp. with its asexual form ''Pseudocercospora'' sp., Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota
 Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
@@ Line 613: / Line 608: @@
 [[File:04 03 50 fruiting body, ascus, ascospore, Myriangium sp., Myriangiales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting body, ascus, ascospore, Myriangium sp., Myriangiales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
-Fruiting body, ascus, ascospore, Myriangium sp., Myriangiales, Ascomycota
+Fruiting body, ascus, ascospore, ''Myriangium'' sp., Myriangiales, Ascomycota
@@ Line 637: / Line 632: @@
 [[File:04 03 57 c 18a proliferation of ascogenous hyphae, normal development, ascus, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|C 18a proliferation of ascogenous hyphae, normal development, ascus, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
-C 18a proliferation of ascogenous hyphae, normal development, ascus, Ascomycota
+Poliferation of ascogenous hypha, ascus, Ascomycota
 [[File:04 03 58 fruiting body, Antoniomyces loranthicola, Parmulariaceae, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Fruiting body, Antoniomyces loranthicola, Parmulariaceae, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
-Fruiting body, Antoniomyces loranthicola, Parmulariaceae, Ascomycota
+Fruiting body, ''Antoniomyces loranthicola'', Parmulariaceae, Ascomycota
 Based on Inácio et al. (2012).
@@ Line 651: / Line 646: @@
 [[File:04 03 60 life cycle, Laboulbenia sp., Laboulbeniales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Laboulbenia sp., Laboulbeniales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
-Life cycle, Laboulbenia sp., Laboulbeniales, Ascomycota
+Life cycle of ''Laboulbenia'' sp., Laboulbeniales, Ascomycota
 Based on Scheloske (1969).
@@ Line 680: / Line 675: @@
 [[File:04 05 01 life cycle, Taphrina deformans, Taphrinales, Ascomycota (M. Piepenbring).png|none|600px|Life cycle, Taphrina deformans, Taphrinales, Ascomycota (diagram by M. Piepenbring)]]
-Life cycle, Taphrina deformans, Taphrinales, Ascomycota
+Life cycle of ''Taphrina deformans'', Taphrinales, Ascomycota
 Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
@@ Line 687: / Line 682: @@
 Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
 ==Lichens==