Difference between revisions of "Mycological teaching diagrams by Meike Piepenbring"
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Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. | Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei. |
Revision as of 22:28, 29 January 2012
Contents
Introduction
These diagrams have been created for teaching of mycology and phytopathology. They are shared here in order to extend our knowledge on fungi, especially those living in the tropics.
Phylogeny of fungi (names in bold), simplified
Cellular structures of fungi and algae
Vegetative development starting from a hypha
Life cycle, generations and nuclear stages
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
Types of fertilization
Different types of fertilization. Long, red arrows indicate direction of movement. Short red arrows indicate growth by which compatible cells get in contact with each other and fuse. Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
Groups of Fungi
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
Divisions of true fungi, Fungi, simplified
Life cycle with dikaryotic stage, Ascomycota Basidiomycota
Chitin, Fungi
Basidiomycota
Phylogeny of Basidiomycota
Development of a clamp connection
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
Types of basidia
Discharge of a ballistospore
Based on Money (1998), simplified.
Money, N.P. 1998. More g’s than the space shuttle: ballistospore discharge. Mycologia 90: 547-558.
Development starting from a basidiospore
Pores in septa of hyphae of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota
Life cycle of Basidiomycota, basidium
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
Types of fruiting bodies, Basidiomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
Concepts of Agaricales and Polyporales, Basidiomycota
Connections of a lamella to the stipe, Agaricales Basidiomycota
Hemiangiocarpic fruiting body of Amanita sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota
Modified after diagrams by Yang Zhu-Liang; with permission.
Life cycle of Agaricus sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
Bromatium of leaf-cutting ants, asexual stage of Agaricales Basidiomycota
Escovopsis weberi, parasite of the fungus cultivated by leaf-cutting ants, conidiophore with conidia, asexual form of Hypocreales, Ascomycota
Termite nest, Termitomyces sp., Termitosphaera sp., Agaricales Basidiomycota
Diagram on the left hand side based on Heim (1977) and Buyck (1994).
Buyck, B. 1994. Ubwoba: les champignons comestibles de l'Ouest du Burundi. Publ. Agric. 34.
Heim, R. 1977. Termites et champignons. Les champignons termitophiles d´Afrique Noire et d´Asie méridionale. Société Nouvelle des Éditions Boubée, Paris.
Drawing on the right hand side based on a drawing by Roland Kirschner, used with permission.
Hyphae with conidia of Moniliophthora roreri, asexual stage of Agaricales Basidiomycota
Ectomycorrhizae in their habitat, Boletales Basidiomycota (left hand side) and Tuberales Ascomycota (right hand side)
In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke.
Ectomycorrhiza anatomy, Basidiomycota
In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke.
Monotropa uniflora, mycoheterotrophic (erroneously called saprotrophic) plant with its fungus in the habitat
In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke.
Types of hymenophores of Polyporales, Basidiomycota
Skeletal hyphae of Lentinus sp., Polyporales Basidiomycota
Hypha with conidia of Allescheriella crocea, asexual form of Basidiomycota
Types of fruiting bodies of gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota
Types of basidia of gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota
Fruiting bodies of Geastraceae, gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota
Fruiting bodies of Phallales, gasteromycetes, Basidiomycota
Classification of Auriculariales and Tremellales, Basidiomycota
Hymenium with basidium and basidiospores of Exidiopsis laccata, Auriculariales Basidiomycota
Phylogeny of smut fungi (black, bold) and closely related groups, Basidiomycota
Basidia of smut fungi, Basidiomycota
Homothallic basidia of smut fungi, Basidiomycota
Sori of smut fungi, Basidiomycota
Life cycle of Ustilago maydis on corn, Ustilaginales Basidiomycota
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
Life cycle of Tilletia ayresii on Panicum maximum, Tilletiales Basidiomycota
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
Teliospore ball of Narasimhania alismatis in a leaf of Sagittaria guyanensis, Doassansiales Basidiomycota
Teliospores, a basidium, and dikaryotic cells of Entyloma sp. in a leaf, Entylomatales Basidiomycota
Basidia of Exobasidium poasanum on Satyria warszewiczii, Exobasidiales Basidiomycota (M. Piepenbring, published in Nova Hedwigia)
Published in Nova Hedwigia by Piepenbring et al. 2010; reproduced and licensed with permission.
Piepenbring, M., J. Espinoza, L. Saldaña & O. Cáceres (2010) New records, host plants, morphological and molecular data of Exobasidiales (Basidiomycota) from Panama. Nova Hedwigia 91: 231-242.
Fruiting body with elaters and basidia of Graphiola spp., Exobasidiales Basidiomycota
Life cycle of Graphiola phoenicis, Exobasidiales Basidiomycota
Based on Cole (1983) and Oberwinkler et al. (1982).
Cole, G.T. 1983. Graphiola phoenicis: a taxonomic enigma. Mycologia 75: 93-116.
Oberwinkler, F., R.J. Bandoni, P. Blanz, G. Deml & L. Kisimova-Horovitz. 1982. Graphiolales: Basidiomycetes parasitic on palms. Pl. Syst. Evol. 140: 251-277.
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
Basidia of Kordyana tradescantiae growing out of stomata, mature and young, Exobasidiales Basidiomycota
Published in Nova Hedwigia by Piepenbring et al. (2010); reproduced with permission.
Piepenbring, M., J. Espinoza, L. Saldaña & O. Cáceres (2010) New records, host plants, morphological and molecular data of Exobasidiales (Basidiomycota) from Panama. Nova Hedwigia 91: 231-242.
Teliospores of rust fungi, Pucciniales Basidiomycota
Column of germinating teliospores of Cionothrix praelonga, Pucciniales Basidiomycota
Life cycle of Puccinia graminis on a grass, Pucciniales Basidiomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
Life cycle of Septobasidium sp. on scale insects on bark of a living tree, Septobasidiales Basidiomycota
Fruiting body with basidia of Atractiella delectans, Atractiellales Basidiomycota
Hypha with a conidiogenous cell and a conidium of Hobsonia mirabilis, asexual form of Atractiellales Basidiomycota
Ascomycota
Phylogeny, subphyla of Ascomycota
Life cycle of Ascomycota, ascus
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
Morphological groups, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi
Types of conidia, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi
Types of conidiogenesis, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi
Conidia, Ingoldian Hyphomycetes, staurospores, asexual fungi, imperfect fungi
Phylogeny of Pezizomycotina
Fruiting bodies of Ascomycota
Stilboid fungus, Helotiales, Ascomycota
Types of asci, Ascomycota
Morphological groups, orders, Ascomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
Ascospores, Ascomycota
Life cycle of Pezizales, Ascomycota
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
Fruiting bodies of Pezizales, Ascomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
Arthrobotrys superba, asexual, nematode trapping, Orbiliales, Ascomycota (drawing by R. Kirschner)
Fruiting bodies, Cyttariales, Helotiales, Leotiales, Ascomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
Fruiting bodies, Rhytismatales, Ascomycota
Life cycle of Rhytisma acerinum with its asexual form Melasmia acerina, Rhytismatales, Ascomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Hou Cheng-Lin; with permission.
Life cycle of Erysiphales with its asexual form Oidium sp., Ascomycota
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
Conidiophores of Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Eurotiales, Ascomycota
Life cycle of Neurospora sp. with its asexual form Chrysonilia sp., Sordariales, Ascomycota
Based on Webster & Weber (2007), simplified.
Webster, J. & R.W.S. Weber. 2007. Introduction to fungi. Cambridge University Press.
Classification of Hypocreales, Clavicipitales, Clavicipitaceae, Ascomycota
Fruiting bodies of Hypocreales (without Clavicipitaceae), Ascomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
Life cycle of Hypocrea sp. with its asexual form Trichoderma sp., Hypocreales, Ascomycota
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
Fruiting bodies of Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota
Life cycle of Claviceps purpurea with its asexual form Sphacelia sp., Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
Fungi hyperparasitic on insects on plants, Hypocreales, Ascomycota
Fruiting bodies of Xylariales, Ascomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
Fruiting bodies of Xylariales, Boliniales, Ascomycota
Fruiting bodies, ascospores, asexual forms, Xylariales, Ascomycota
Fruiting bodies of Meliolales, Ascomycota
Life cycle of Meliolales, Ascomycota
Based on Rodríguez Justavino (2006).
Rodríguez Justavino, D. 2006. Meliolaceae aus Panama. Ph.D. thesis, University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
Fruiting bodies of Phyllachorales, Ascomycota
In collaboration with Tanja Trampe.
Life cycle of Phyllachorales, Ascomycota
Based on Trampe (2009).
Trampe, T. 2009. Neotropical tarspot fungi – exploration of Phyllachorales in Panama. Ph.D. thesis, University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
Fruiting bodies of Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota
Types of hamathecia, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota
Based on Eriksson (1981).
Eriksson, O. 1981. The families of bitunicate ascomycetes. Opera Botanica 60: 1-209.
Asexual forms, Mycosphaerella, Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota
Life cycle of Mycosphaerella sp. with its asexual form Pseudocercospora sp., Mycosphaerellales, Ascomycota
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
Fruiting body, ascus, ascospore, Myriangium sp., Myriangiales, Ascomycota
Asexual forms, Hyphomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota
Asexual forms, Coelomycetes, Pleosporales, Ascomycota
Fruiting bodies, Asterinaceae, Microthyriales, Ascomycota
Based on Hofmann (2009).
Hofmann, T.A. 2009. Plant parasitic Asterinaceae and Microthyriaceae from the Neotropics (Panama). Ph.D. thesis, University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Poliferation of ascogenous hypha, ascus, Ascomycota
Fruiting body, Antoniomyces loranthicola, Parmulariaceae, Ascomycota
Based on Inácio et al. (2012).
Inácio, C., K. Araúz & M. Piepenbring. 2012. A new genus of Parmulariaceae from Panama. Mycological Progress (published online 2011)
Life cycle of Laboulbenia sp., Laboulbeniales, Ascomycota
Based on Scheloske (1969).
Scheloske, H.-W. 1969. Beiträge zur Biologie, Ökologie und Systematik der Laboulbeniales (Ascomycetes). Parasitologische Schriftenreihe 19: 1-176.
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
Systematic groups including yeasts (written in red), Ascomycota, Basidiomycota
Life cycles of yeasts, Saccharomycetales, Schizosaccharomycetales, Ascomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
Life cycle of Taphrina deformans, Taphrinales, Ascomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
Lichens
Organisms forming lichens, Lichenes
Combinations of the most important organisms forming lichens. The triangle indicates that certain ascolichens include green algae and cyanobacteria.
Interactions, green alga (green), fungal hypha, lichen, Lichenes
Systematic position of lichenized Ascomycota (written in green), Lichenes
Phylogenetic position of lichenized species among Ascomycota (simplified). Names written in green indicate groups of lichens. Names written with green and black letters refer to groups which include lichenized and non-lichenized species.
Growth forms of lichens, Lichenes
Anatomy of the thallus, green alga, cyanobacterium, lichen, Lichenes
Anatomy of the thallus, details, lichens, Lichenes
Asci and ascospores of lichens, Lichenes
Glomeromycota
Chlamydospores and siphonal hyphae of a sporocarp, Glomeromycota
Arbuscular mycorrhiza, Glomeromycota
In collaboration with Ingrid Kottke.
Zygomycota
Sporangiophores, sporangia, conidia, liberation of spores, Mucorales, Zygomycota
Zygospores of Mucorales, Zygomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
Life cycle of Mucor sp., Mucorales, Zygomycota
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
Conidiogenous cells and conidia of Conidiobolus sp., Zygomycota
Chytridiomycota
Types of thalli of Chytridiomycota
Life cycle of Synchytrium endobioticum on potato, Chytridiomycota
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
Life cycle of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, asexual, Chytridiomycota
Based on Longcore et al. (1999).
Longcore, J.E., A.P. Pessier & D.K. Nichols. 1999. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis gen. et sp. nov., a chytrid pathogenic to amphibians. Mycologia 91: 219-227.
Oomycetes
Phylogeny, simplified, Oomycota
Asexual structures of Saprolegniales, Oomycota
Based on Gäumann (1964).
Gäumann, E. 1964. Die Pilze, Grundzüge ihrer Entwicklungsgeschichte und Morphologie, 2nd edition. Birkhäuser, Basel, Stuttgart.
Life cycle of Saprolegnia sp., Saprolegniales, Oomycota
Sorus and sporangia of Albugo sp., Albuginales, Oomycota
Main drawing based on a drawing by Alexandra Riethmüller.
Sporangiophores of Phytophthora infestans and Pseudoperonospora cubensis, Peronosporales, Oomycota
Asexual structures of Saprolegniales, Albuginales, Peronosporales, Oomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
Life cycle of Phytophthora infestans on potato, Peronosporales, Oomycota
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
Protistean fungi
Phylogeny of protistean fungi, slime molds, Myxomycota and other groups
Groups of mucilaginous fungi classified among protists. For orders, only the mycological names are cited. For classes and divisions, zoological names are cited first, and mycological names are added in quotation marks.
Morphological concepts, orders of Myxomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
Life cycle of Stemonitis sp., Stemonitales, Myxomycota
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
Life cycle of Dictyostelium sp., asexual, Dictyosteliales, Myxomycota
Modified after unpublished diagrams by Franz Oberwinkler; with permission.
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
Life cycle of Dictyostelium sp., sexual, Dictyosteliales, Myxomycota
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
Life cycle of Plasmodiophora brassicae in cabbage, Plasmodiophoromycetes
Abbreviations: 1n = haploid, P! = plasmogamy, n+n = dikaryotic, K! = karyogamy, 2n = diploid, M! = meiosis
Red and blue circles represent haploid nuclei of different mating types, circles of both colors represent diploid nuclei.
These diagrams are also available in Spanish.